4-carboxybenzylamino derivatives as histone deacetylase inhibitors

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to a novel class of 4-carboxybenzylamino derivatives. The 4-carboxybenzylamino compounds can be used to treat cancer. The 4-carboxybenzylamino compounds can also inhibit histone deacetylase and are suitable for use in selectively inducing terminal differentiation, and arresting cell growth and/or apoptosis of neoplastic cells, thereby inhibiting proliferation of such cells. Thus, the compounds of the present invention are useful in treating a patient having a tumor characterized by proliferation of neoplastic cells. The compounds of the invention may also be useful in the prevention and treatment of TRX-mediated diseases, such as autoimmune, allergic and inflammatory diseases, and in the prevention and/or treatment of diseases of the central nervous system (CNS), such as neurodegenerative diseases. The present invention further provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising the 4-carboxybenzylamino derivatives and safe dosing regimens of these pharmaceutical compositions, which are easy to follow, and which result in a therapeutically effective amount of the 4-carboxybenzylamino derivatives in vivo.

PRIORITY CLAIM

This application is a §371 application of PCT/US08/007854 that was filed on Jun. 24, 2008, which claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/937,409, filed on Jun. 27, 2007, now expired.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a novel class of 4-carboxybenzylamino derivatives. The 4-carboxybenzylamino compounds can be used to treat cancer. The 4-carboxybenzylamino compounds can also inhibit histone deacetylase and are suitable for use in selectively inducing terminal differentiation, and arresting cell growth and/or apoptosis of neoplastic cells, thereby inhibiting proliferation of such cells. Thus, the compounds of the present invention are useful in treating a patient having a tumor characterized by proliferation of neoplastic cells. The compounds of the invention can also be useful in the prevention and treatment of TRX-mediated diseases, such as autoimmune, allergic and inflammatory diseases, and in the prevention and/or treatment of diseases of the central nervous system (CNS), such as neurodegenerative diseases.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Compounds having a hydroxamic acid moiety have been shown to possess useful biological activities. For example, many peptidyl compounds possessing a hydroxamic acid moiety are known to inhibit matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which are a family of zinc endopeptidases. The MMPs play a key role in both physiological and pathological tissue degradation. Therefore, peptidyl compounds that have the ability to inhibit the action of MMPs show utility for the treatment or prophylaxis of conditions involving tissue breakdown and inflammation. Further, compounds having a hydroxamic acid moiety have been shown to inhibit histone deacetylases (HDACs), based at least in part on the zinc binding property of the hydroxamic acid group.

The inhibition of HDACs can repress gene expression, including expression of genes related to tumor suppression. Inhibition of histone deacetylase can lead to the histone deacetylase-mediated transcriptional repression of tumor suppressor genes. For example, inhibition of histone deacetylase can provide a method for treating cancer, hematological disorders, such as hematopoiesis, and genetic related metabolic disorders. More specifically, transcriptional regulation is a major event in cell differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. There are several lines of evidence that histone acetylation and deacetylation are mechanisms by which transcriptional regulation in a cell is achieved (Grunstein, M., Nature, 389: 349-52 (1997)). These effects are thought to occur through changes in the structure of chromatin by altering the affinity of histone proteins for coiled DNA in the nucleosome. There are five types of histones that have been identified. Histones H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 are found in the nucleosome, and H1 is a linker located between nucleosomes. Each nucleosome contains two of each histone type within its core, except for H1, which is present singly in the outer portion of the nucleosome structure. It is believed that when the histone proteins are hypoacetylated, there is a greater affinity of the histone to the DNA phosphate backbone. This affinity causes DNA to be tightly bound to the histone and renders the DNA inaccessible to transcriptional regulatory elements and machinery.

The regulation of acetylated states occurs through the balance of activity between two enzyme complexes, histone acetyl transferase (HAT) and histone deacetylase (HDAC).

The hypoacetylated state is thought to inhibit transcription of associated DNA. This hypoacetylated state is catalyzed by large multiprotein complexes that include HDAC enzymes. In particular, HDACs have been shown to catalyze the removal of acetyl groups from the chromatin core histones.

It has been shown in several instances that the disruption of HAT or HDAC activity is implicated in the development of a malignant phenotype. For instance, in acute promyelocytic leukemia, the oncoprotein produced by the fusion of PML and RAR alpha appears to suppress specific gene transcription through the recruitment of HDACs (Lin, R. J. et al., Nature 391:811-14 (1998)). In this manner, the neoplastic cell is unable to complete differentiation and leads to excess proliferation of the leukemic cell line.

U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,369,108, 5,932,616, 5,700,811, 6,087,367 and 6,511,990, disclose hydroxamic acid derivatives useful for selectively inducing terminal differentiation, cell growth arrest or apoptosis of neoplastic cells. In addition to their biological activity as antitumor agents, these hydroxamic acid derivatives have recently been identified as useful for treating or preventing a wide variety of thioredoxin (TRX)-mediated diseases and conditions, such as inflammatory diseases, allergic diseases, autoimmune diseases, diseases associated with oxidative stress or diseases characterized by cellular hyperproliferation (U.S. Application 2003/0235588). Further, these hydroxamic acid derivatives have been identified as useful for treating diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) such as neurodegenerative diseases and for treating brain cancer (See, U.S. Application 2004/0087657).

The inhibition of HDAC by the hydroxamic acid containing compound suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) disclosed in the above referenced U.S. patents, is thought to occur through direct interaction with the catalytic site of the enzyme as demonstrated by X-ray crystallography studies (Finnin, M. S. et al., Nature 401:188-193 (1999)). The result of HDAC inhibition is not believed to have a generalized effect on the genome, but rather, only affects a small subset of the genome (Van Lint, C. et al., Gene Expression 5:245-53 (1996)). Evidence provided by DNA microarrays using malignant cell lines cultured with a HDAC inhibitor shows that there are a finite (1-2%) number of genes whose products are altered. For example, cells treated in culture with HDAC inhibitors show a consistent induction of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 (Archer, S. Shufen, M. Shei, A., Hodin, R. PNAS 95:6791-96 (1998)). This protein plays an important role in cell cycle arrest. HDAC inhibitors are thought to increase the rate of transcription of p21 by propagating the hyperacetylated state of histones in the region of the p21 gene, thereby making the gene accessible to transcriptional machinery. Genes whose expression is not affected by HDAC inhibitors do not display changes in the acetylation of regional associated histones (Dressel, U. et al., Anticancer Research 20(2A):1017-22 (2000)).

Further, hydroxamic acid derivatives such as SAHA have the ability to induce tumor cell growth arrest, differentiation and/or apoptosis (Richon et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 93:5705-5708 (1996)). These compounds are targeted towards mechanisms inherent to the ability of a neoplastic cell to become malignant, as they do not appear to have toxicity in doses effective for inhibition of tumor growth in animals (Cohen, L. A. et al., Anticancer Research 19:4999-5006 (1999)).

In view of the wide variety of applications for compounds containing hydroxamic acid moieties, the development of new inhibitors having improved properties, for example, increased potency or increased bioavailability is highly desirable.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a novel class of 4-carboxybenzylamino derivatives. The 4-carboxybenzylamino compounds can be used to treat cancer. The 4-carboxybenzylamino compounds can also inhibit histone deacetylase and are suitable for use in selectively inducing terminal differentiation, and arresting cell growth and/or apoptosis of neoplastic cells, thereby inhibiting proliferation of such cells. Thus, the compounds of the present invention are useful in treating a patient having a tumor characterized by proliferation of neoplastic cells. The compounds of the invention may also be useful in the prevention and treatment of TRX-mediated diseases, such as autoimmune, allergic and inflammatory diseases, and in the prevention and/or treatment of diseases of the central nervous system (CNS), such as neurodegenerative diseases. The present invention further provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising the 4-carboxybenzylamino derivatives, and safe, dosing regimens of these pharmaceutical compositions, which are easy to follow, and which result in a therapeutically effective amount of the 4-carboxybenzylamino derivatives in vivo.

It has been unexpectedly discovered that certain 4-carboxybenzylamino derivatives show improved activity as histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors and/or attenuated off-target activity.

The present invention thus relates to compounds represented by Formula I and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates and hydrates thereof, as detailed herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a novel class of 4-carboxybenzylamino derivatives. In one embodiment, the 4-carboxybenzylamino derivatives can inhibit histone deacetylase and are suitable for use in selectively inducing terminal differentiation, and arresting cell growth and/or apoptosis of neoplastic cells, thereby inhibiting proliferation of such cells. Thus, the compounds of the present invention are useful in treating cancer in a subject. The compounds of the invention may also be useful in the prevention and treatment of TRX-mediated diseases, such as autoimmune, allergic and inflammatory diseases, and in the prevention and/or treatment of diseases of the central nervous system (CNS), such as neurodegenerative diseases.

It has been unexpectedly and surprisingly discovered that certain 4-carboxybenzylamino derivatives, show improved activity as histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors and/or attenuated off-target activity.

Compounds

The invention provides a compound represented by the following structural Formula:

wherein Cy is aryl or heteroaryl, optionally substituted with halo, methyl, methoxy, halomethyl, amino, hydroxyl, C(O)OCH₃ or C(O)NHCH₃;

R¹ and R² are independently selected from H, OH, halo, NH₂, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ alkenyl, C₁-C₄ alkynyl, C₁-C₄ alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic or substituted or unsubstituted aryl;

R³ is independently selected from H, OH, NH₂, nitro, CN, amide, carboxyl, C₁-C₇ alkoxy, C₁-C₇ alkyl, C₁-C₇ haloalkyl, C₁-C₇ haloalkyloxy, C₁-C₇ hydroxyalkyl, C₁-C₇ alkenyl, C₁-C₇ alkyl-C(═O)O—, C₁-C₇ alkyl-C(═O)—, C₁-C₇ alkynyl, halo, hydroxyalkoxy, C₁-C₇ alkyl-NHSO₂—, C₁-C₇ alkyl-SO₂NH—, C₁-C₇ alkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₇ alkylamino or di(C₁-C₇)alkylamino;

R⁴ is selected from —NR⁶R⁷,

R⁵ is independently selected from H, OH, NH₂, nitro, CN, amide, carboxyl, C₁-C₇ alkoxy, C₁-C₇ alkyl, C₁-C₇ haloalkyl, C₁-C₇ haloalkyloxy, C₁-C₇ hydroxyalkyl, C₁-C₇ alkenyl, C₁-C₇ alkyl-C(═O)O—, C₁-C₇ alkyl-C(═O)—, C₁-C₇ alkynyl, halo, hydroxyalkoxy, C₁-C₇ alkyl-NHSO₂—, C₁-C₇ alkyl-SO₂NH—, C₁-C₇ alkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₇ alkylamino or di(C₁-C₇)alkylamino;

R⁶ is independently selected from H, C₁-C₄ alkyl or C(O)R⁹;

R⁷ is selected from H, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(v)O(CR^(a) ₂)_(q)R¹², —(CR^(a) ₂)_(s)C(O)(CR^(a) ₂)_(q)R¹³, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(s)C(O)O(CR^(a) ₂)_(q)R¹², —(CR^(a) ₂)_(s)C(O)NR¹¹, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(q)R¹⁰, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(s)SO₂NR¹¹, —CR^(a) ₂)_(v)NR¹¹;

R⁸ is independently selected from H, C₁-C₄ alkyl, N(R⁶)₂, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(q)R¹² or when m is at least 2, two adjacent R⁸ form an aryl ring;

R⁹ is selected from H or C₁-C₄ alkyl;

R¹⁰ is selected from H, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₄ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, pyrimidinyl, substituted or unsubstituted pyridyl, substituted or unsubstituted thienyl, substituted or unsubstituted pyrazolyl, substituted or unsubstituted thiazolyl, or phenyl;

R¹¹ is independently selected from H, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₇ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ alkylcycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkylheterocyclic, substituted or unsubstituted alkylheteroaryl or substituted or unsubstituted alkylaryl;

R¹² is independently selected from H, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₇ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic or substituted or unsubstituted aryl;

R¹³ is selected from H, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₇ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic or substituted or unsubstituted aryl;

R^(a) is independently selected from H or C₁-C₄ alkyl;

Ring B is aryl or heteroaryl;

m is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10;

p is 1, 2, 3 or 4;

s and q are independently 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;

t and v are independently 1, 2, 3 or 4;

L¹ is (CH₂)_(r), ethenyl or cyclopropyl, wherein r is 0, 1 or 2;

X is OH, SH or NH₂;

With the proviso that when R⁵ is H, X is NH₂ or OH, L¹ is a bond, R³ is H, R¹ and R² are H, R⁴ is

and Ring B is phenyl, then Cy is not

or a stereoisomer or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In another embodiment of the invention, the compounds of the present invention are represented by Formula II:

wherein all substituents are defined above.

In another embodiment of the invention under Formula I or II, wherein Cy is aryl or heteroaryl, optionally substituted with halo, methyl, methoxy, amino, hydroxyl or halomethyl;

R¹ and R² are independently selected from H, OH, halo, NH₂, C₁-C₄ alkyl, or C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy;

R³ is independently selected from H, OH, NH₂, nitro, CN, amide, carboxyl, C₁-C₇ alkoxy, C₁-C₇ alkyl, C₁-C₇ haloalkyl, C₁-C₇ haloalkyloxy, C₁-C₇ hydroxyalkyl, C₁-C₇ alkenyl, C₁-C₇ alkyl-C(═O)O—, C₁-C₇ alkyl-C(═O)—, C₁-C₇ alkynyl, halo, hydroxyalkoxy, C₁-C₇ alkyl-NHSO₂—, C₁-C₇ alkyl-SO₂NH—, C₁-C₇ alkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₇ alkylamino or di(C₁-C₇)alkylamino;

R⁴ is selected from —NR⁶R⁷,

R⁵ is independently selected from H, OH, NH₂, nitro, CN, amide, carboxyl, C₁-C₂ alkoxy, C₁-C₂ alkyl, C₁-C₂ haloalkyl, C₁-C₂ haloalkyloxy, C₁-C₂ hydroxyalkyl, C₁-C₂ alkenyl, C₁-C₂ alkyl-C(═O)O—, C₁-C₂ alkyl-C(═O)—, C₁-C₂ alkynyl, halo, hydroxyalkoxy, C₁-C₂ alkyl-NHSO₂—, C₁-C₂ alkyl-SO₂NH—, C₁-C₂ alkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₂ alkylamino or di(C₁-C₂)alkylamino;

R⁶ is independently selected from H or C₁-C₄ alkyl;

R⁷ is selected from H, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(v)O(CR^(a) ₂)_(q)R¹², —C(O)(CR^(a) ₂)_(q)R¹³, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(s)C(O)NR¹¹ or —(CR^(a) ₂)_(v)NR¹¹;

R⁸ is independently selected from H, C₁-C₄ alkyl, N(R⁶)₂, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(q)R¹² or when m is at least 2, two adjacent R⁸ form an aryl ring;

R⁹ is selected from H or C₁-C₄ alkyl;

R¹¹ is independently selected from H, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, aryl, heterocyclic, C₃-C₆ alkylcycloalkyl, alkylheteroaryl, alkylaryl or alkylheterocyclic, wherein the alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclic, aryl, alkylcycloalkyl, alkylheteroaryl, alkylheterocyclic, or alkylaryl is optionally substituted with aryl, heteroaryl, halo, C₁-C₄ alkyl, N(R⁶)₂, OH, C₁-C₄ alkoxy or C₁-C₄ haloalkyl;

R¹² is selected from H, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, aryl or heterocyclic, wherein the alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclic or aryl is optionally substituted with aryl, heteroaryl, halo, C₁-C₄ alkyl, N(R⁶)₂, OH, C₁-C₄ alkoxy or C₁-C₄ haloalkyl;

R¹³ is selected from H, C₂-C₇ alkyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, or aryl, wherein the cycloalkyl, heteroaryl or aryl is optionally substituted with aryl, heteroaryl, halo, C₁-C₄ alkyl, N(R⁶)₂, OH, C₁-C₄ alkoxy or C₁-C₄ haloalkyl;

R^(a) is independently selected from H or C₁-C₄ alkyl;

Ring B is aryl or heteroaryl;

m is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8;

p is 1, 2, 3 or 4;

s and q are independently 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;

t and v are independently 1, 2, 3 or 4;

L¹ is (CH₂)_(r) ethenyl or cyclopropyl, wherein r is 0, 1 or 2;

X is OH or NH₂;

or a stereoisomer or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In another embodiment of the invention under Formula I or II,

Cy is

R¹ and R² are H;

R³ is H;

R⁴ is —NR⁶R⁷;

R⁵ is H;

R⁶ is selected from H or C₁-C₄ alkyl;

R⁷ is —C(O)(CR^(a) ₂)_(q)R¹³;

R¹³ is selected from H, C₂-C₄ alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl or heteroaryl;

R¹⁷ and R²¹ are independently selected from hydrogen or fluoro;

R¹⁸, R¹⁹ or R²⁰ are independently selected from hydrogen, halo, methyl, methoxy or halomethyl;

R²², R²³ and R²⁴ are independently selected from hydrogen, methyl, amino, hydroxyl, and halo;

R^(a) is independently H or C₁-C₄ alkyl;

Ring B is aryl or heteroaryl;

q is independently 0, 1 or 2;

L¹ is a bond;

X is NH₂;

or a stereoisomer or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In another embodiment of the invention under Formula I or II, Cy is phenyl or thienyl. In a further embodiment, Ring B is phenyl. In another embodiment, Ring B is

In a further embodiment, Cy is

R¹ and R² are H;

R³ is H;

R⁴ is —NR⁶R⁷;

R⁵ is H;

R⁶ is selected from H or C₁-C₄ alkyl;

R⁷ is —C(O)O(CR^(a) ₂)_(q)R¹²;

R¹² is selected from H, C₁-C₄ alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl;

R¹⁷ and R²¹ are independently selected from hydrogen or fluoro;

R¹⁸, R¹⁹ or R²⁰ are independently selected from hydrogen, halo, methyl, methoxy or halomethyl;

R²², R²³ and R²⁴ are independently selected from hydrogen, methyl, amino, hydroxyl or halo;

R^(a) is independently H or C₁-C₄ alkyl;

Ring B is aryl or heteroaryl;

q is independently 0, 1 or 2;

L¹ is a bond;

X is NH₂;

or a stereoisomer or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In another embodiment of the invention under Formula I or II, Cy is phenyl. In a further embodiment, Ring B is phenyl. In another embodiment, Ring B is

In a further embodiment, Cy is

Specific embodiments depicting non-limiting Examples of the 4-carboxybenzylamino derivatives of the above Formulas are provided in Tables 1 to 10 in the Experimental Section hereinbelow.

Specific examples of the compounds of the instant invention include:

-   pyridin-3-ylmethyl[(4-{[(4-aminobiphenyl-3-yl)amino]carbonyl}phenyl)methyl]carbamate; -   methyl     4′-amino-3′-[({-4-[({[(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)oxy]carbonyl}amino)methyl]phenyl}carbonyl)amino]biphenyl-4-carboxylate; -   pyridin-3-ylmethyl[(4-{[(2-amino-5-pyridin-3-ylphenyl)amino]carbonyl}phenyl)methyl]carbamate; -   pyridin-3-ylmethyl{[(4-({[2-amino-5-(3-thienyl)phenyl]amino}carbonyl)phenyl]methyl}carbamate; -   pyridin-3-ylmethyl[(4-{[(4-hydroxybiphenyl-3-yl)amino]carbonyl}phenyl)methyl]carbamate; -   pyridin-3-ylmethyl[(4-{[(2-hydroxy-5-pyridin-3-ylphenyl)amino]carbonyl}phenyl)methyl]carbamate; -   1,1-dimethylethyl[(4-{[(4-hydroxybiphenyl-3-yl)amino]carbonyl}phenyl)methyl]carbamate; -   4-(aminomethyl)-N-(4-hydroxybiphenyl-3-yl)benzamide; -   methyl[(4-{[(4-aminobiphenyl-3-yl)amino]carbonyl}phenyl)methyl]carbamate; -   ethyl[(4-{[(4-aminobiphenyl-3-yl)amino]carbonyl}phenyl)methyl]carbamate; -   1-methylethyl[(4-{[(4-aminobiphenyl-3-yl)amino]carbonyl}phenyl)methyl]carbamate; -   propyl[(4-{[(4-aminobiphenyl-3-yl)amino]carbonyl}phenyl)methyl]carbamate; -   2-methylpropyl[(4-{[(4-aminobiphenyl-3-yl)amino]carbonyl}phenyl)methyl]carbamate; -   phenyl[(4-{[(4-aminobiphenyl-3-yl)amino]carbonyl}phenyl)methyl]carbamate; -   phenylmethyl[(4-{[(4-aminobiphenyl-3-yl)amino]carbonyl}phenyl)methyl]carbamate; -   ethyl{[4-({[2-amino-5-(2-thienyl)phenyl]amino}carbonyl)phenyl]methyl}carbamate; -   methyl{[4-({[2-amino-5-(2-thienyl)phenyl]amino}carbonyl)phenyl]methyl}carbamate; -   1-methylethyl{[4-({[2-amino-5-(2-thienyl)phenyl]amino}carbonyl)phenyl]methyl}carbamate; -   propyl{[4-({[2-amino-5-(2-thienyl)phenyl]amino}carbonyl)phenyl]methyl}carbamate; -   2-methylpropyl{[4-({[2-amino-5-(2-thienyl)phenyl]amino}carbonyl)phenyl]methyl}carbamate; -   phenyl{[4-({[2-amino-5-(2-thienyl)phenyl]amino}carbonyl)phenyl]methyl}carbamate; -   phenylmethyl{[(4-({[2-amino-5-(2-thienyl)phenyl]amino}carbonyl)phenyl]methyl}carbamate; -   4-[(acetylamino)methyl]-N-(4-aminobiphenyl-3-yl)benzamide; -   N-(4-aminobiphenyl-3-yl)-4-[(propanoylamino)methyl]benzamide; -   N-(4-aminobiphenyl-3-yl)-4-[(butanoylamino)methyl]benzamide; -   N-(4-aminobiphenyl-3-yl)-4-{[(cyclopropylcarbonyl)amino]methyl}benzamide; -   N-(4-aminobiphenyl-3-yl)-4-{[(2-methylpropanoyl)amino]methyl}benzamide; -   N-(4-aminobiphenyl-3-yl)-4-{[(2,2-dimethylpropanoyl)amino]methyl}benzamide; -   N-(4-aminobiphenyl-3-yl)-4-{[(3-methylbutanoyl)amino]methyl}benzamide; -   N-(4-aminobiphenyl-3-yl)-4-{[(cyclobutylcarbonyl)amino]methyl}benzamide; -   N-(4-aminobiphenyl-3-yl)-4-{[(3-phenylpropanoyl)amino]methyl}benzamide; -   N-(4-aminobiphenyl-3-yl)-4-{[(cyclohexylcarbonyl)amino]methyl}benzamide; -   N-(4-aminobiphenyl-3-yl)-4-{[(cyclopentylcarbonyl)amino]methyl}benzamide; -   N-(4-aminobiphenyl-3-yl)-4-{[(phenylacetyl)amino]methyl}benzamide; -   N-(4-aminobiphenyl-3-yl)-4-{[(phenylcarbonyl)amino]methyl}benzamide; -   N-(4-[(acetylamino)methyl]-N-[2-amino-5-(2-thienyl)phenyl]benzamide; -   N-[2-amino-5-(2-thienyl)phenyl]-4-[propanoylamino)methyl]benzamide; -   N-[2-amino-5-(2-thienyl)phenyl]-4-[(butanoylamino)methyl]benzamide; -   N-[2-amino-5-(2-thienyl)phenyl]-4-{[(cyclopropylcarbonyl)amino]methyl}benzamide; -   N-[2-amino-5-(2-thienyl)phenyl]-4-{[(2-methylpropanoyl)amino]methyl}benzamide; -   N-[2-amino-5-(2-thienyl)phenyl]-4-{[(2,2-dimethylpropanoyl)amino]methyl}benzamide; -   N-[2-amino-5-(2-thienyl)phenyl]-4-{[(3-methylbutanoyl)amino]methyl}benzamide; -   N-[2-amino-5-(2-thienyl)phenyl]-4-{[(cyclobutylcarbonyl)amino]methyl}benzamide; -   N-[2-amino-5-(2-thienyl)phenyl]-4-{[(3-phenylpropanoyl)amino]methyl}benzamide; -   N-[2-amino-5-(2-thienyl)phenyl]-4-{[(cyclohexylcarbonyl)amino]methyl}benzamide; -   N-[2-amino-5-(2-thienyl)phenyl]-4-{[cyclopentylcarbonyl)amino]methyl}benzamide; -   N-[2-amino-5-(2-thienyl)phenyl]-4-{[(phenylacetyl)amino]methyl}benzamide; -   N-[2-amino-5-(2-thienyl)phenyl]-4-{[(phenylcarbonyl)amino]methyl}benzamide; -   N-(4-aminobiphenyl-3-yl)-4-{[(pyridin-2-ylacetyl)amino]methyl}benzamide; -   N-(4-aminobiphenyl-3-yl)-4-{[(pyridin-3-ylacetyl)amino]methyl}benzamide; -   N-(4-aminobiphenyl-3-yl)-4-{[(pyridin-4-ylacetyl)amino]methyl}benzamide; -   N-(4-aminobiphenyl-3-yl)-4-{[(3-pyridin-3-ylpropanoyl)amino]methyl}benzamide; -   N-[2-amino-5-(2-thienyl)phenyl]-4-{[(pyridin-2-ylacetyl)amino]methyl}benzamide; -   N-[2-amino-5-(2-thienyl)phenyl]-4-{[(pyridin-4-ylacetyl)amino]methyl}benzamide; -   N-[2-amino-5-(2-thienyl)phenyl]-4-{[(3-pyridin-3-ylpropanoyl)amino]methyl}benzamide; -   (2S)-N-[4-({[2-amino-5-(2-thienyl)phenyl]amino}carbonyl)benzyl]pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide; -   (2S)-N-(4-{[(4-aminobiphenyl-3-yl)amino]carbonyl}benzyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide;     pyridin-2-ylmethyl[(4-{[(4-aminobiphenyl-3-yl)amino]carbonyl}phenyl)methyl]carbamate; -   N-[2-amino-5-(2-thienyl)phenyl]-4-({[(dimethylamino)sulfonyl]amino}methyl)benzamide; -   N-(4-amino-3-biphenylyl)-4-[(4-pyridinylamino)methyl]benzamide; -   N-(4-amino-3-biphenylyl)-4-{[methyl(4-pyridinyl)amino]methyl}benzamide; -   N-(4-amino-3-biphenylyl)-4-({[(1,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)methyl]amino}methyl)benzamide; -   N-(4-amino-3-biphenylyl)-4-({methyl[3-(methylamino)propyl]amino}methyl)benzamide; -   N-(4-amino-3-biphenylyl)-4-[(isobutylamino)methyl]benzamide; -   N-(4-amino-3-biphenylyl)-4-{[(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)amino]methyl}benzamide; -   N-(4-amino-2′-fluoro-3-biphenylyl)-4-[(4-pyridinylamino)methyl]benzamide; -   N-(4-amino-3′-fluoro-3-biphenylyl)-4-[(4-pyridinylamino)methyl]benzamide; -   N-[2-amino-5-(4-methyl-2-thienyl)phenyl]-4-[(4-pyridinylamino)methyl]benzamide; -   N-[2-amino-5-(4-methyl-3-thienyl)phenyl]-4-[(4-pyridinylamino)methyl]benzamide; -   N-(4-hydroxy-3-biphenylyl)-4-{[(2-phenylethyl)amino]methyl}benzamide; -   4-({[2-(4-bromophenyl)ethyl]amino}methyl)-N-(4-hydroxy-3-biphenylyl)benzamide; -   N-(4-hydroxy-3-biphenylyl)-4-[(isobutylamino)methyl]benzamide; -   N-(4-hydroxy-3-biphenylyl)-4-({[(4-methyl-2-phenyl-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)methyl]amino}methyl)benzamide; -   4-[(cyclopropylamino)methyl]-N-(4-hydroxy-3-biphenylyl)benzamide; -   4-(anilinomethyl)-N-(4-hydroxy-3-biphenylyl)benzamide; -   4-[(cyclopentylamino)methyl]-N-(4-hydroxy-3-biphenylyl)benzamide; -   4-{[(cyclopropylmethyl)amino]methyl}-N-(4-hydroxy-3-biphenylyl)benzamide; -   N-(4-hydroxy-3-biphenylyl)-4-({[2-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)ethyl]amino}methyl)benzamide; -   4-({[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]amino}methyl)-N-(4-hydroxy-3-biphenylyl)benzamide; -   N-(4-hydroxy-3-biphenylyl)-4-{[(3-pyridinylmethyl)amino]methyl}benzamide; -   N-(4-hydroxy-3-biphenylyl)-4-({[3-(1-pyrrolidinyl)propyl]amino}methyl)benzamide; -   N-(4-hydroxy-3-biphenylyl)-4-(1-piperazinylmethyl)benzamide; -   N-(4-hydroxy-3-biphenylyl)-4-[(4-pyridinylamino)methyl]benzamide; -   N-(4-hydroxy-3-biphenylyl)-4-(4-morpholinylmethyl)benzamide; -   N-(4-hydroxy-3-biphenylyl)-4-{[(3-isopropoxypropyl)amino]methyl}benzamide; -   N-(4-hydroxy-3-biphenylyl)-4-[(4-methyl-1-piperidinyl)methyl]benzamide; -   4-{[benzyl(methyl)amino]methyl}-N-(4-hydroxy-3-biphenylyl)benzamide; -   N-(4-hydroxy-3-biphenylyl)-4-{[(3-phenylpropyl)amino]methyl}benzamide; -   4-(3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-isoquinolinylmethyl)-N-(4-hydroxy-3-biphenylyl)benzamide; -   N-(4-hydroxy-3-biphenylyl)-4-({[2-(isopropylamino)ethyl]amino}methyl)benzamide; -   N-(4-hydroxy-3-biphenylyl)-4-{[(3-methylbutyl)amino]methyl}benzamide; -   N-(4-hydroxy-3-biphenylyl)-4-{[methyl(2-phenylethyl)amino]methyl}benzamide; -   4-{[ethyl(methyl)amino]methyl}-N-(4-hydroxy-3-biphenylyl)benzamide; -   4-(1,3-dihydro-2H-isoindol-2-ylmethyl)-N-(4-hydroxy-3-biphenylyl)benzamide; -   N-(4-hydroxy-3-biphenylyl)-4-{[(2-phenoxyethyl)amino]methyl}benzamide; -   4-{[(2-anilinoethyl)amino]methyl}-N-(4-hydroxy-3-biphenylyl)benzamide; -   N-(4-hydroxy-3-biphenylyl)-4-{[(2-thienylmethyl)amino]methyl}benzamide; -   N-(4-hydroxy-3-biphenylyl)-4-({methyl[3-(methylamino)propyl]amino}methyl)benzamide; -   N-(4-hydroxy-3-biphenylyl)-4-[(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)methyl]benzamide; -   N-(4-hydroxy-3-biphenylyl)-4-({methyl[2-(methylamino)ethyl]amino}methyl)benzamide; -   4-({[(1-ethyl-4-piperidinyl)methyl]amino}methyl)-N-(4-hydroxy-3-biphenylyl)benzamide; -   N-(4-hydroxy-3-biphenylyl)-4-{[methyl(4-pyridinyl)amino]methyl}benzamide; -   N-(4-hydroxy-3-biphenylyl)-4-({methyl[2-(4-pyridinyl)ethyl]amino}methyl)benzamide; -   N-(4-hydroxy-3-biphenylyl)-4-({[2-(3-pyridinyl)ethyl]amino}methyl)benzamide; -   4-{[3-(dimethylamino)-1-pyrrolidinyl]methyl}-N-(4-hydroxy-3-biphenylyl)benzamide; -   4-{[(2-aminoethyl)amino]methyl}-N-(4-hydroxy-3-biphenylyl)benzamide; -   4-[(2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-ylamino)methyl]-N-(4-hydroxy-3-biphenylyl)benzamide; -   N-(4-hydroxy-3-biphenylyl)-4-({[3-(4-pyridinyl)propyl]amino}methyl)benzamide; -   N-(4-hydroxy-3-biphenylyl)-4-({[(1-methyl-3-pyrrolidinyl)methyl]amino}methylbenzamide; -   N-(4-hydroxy-3-biphenylyl)-4-({[2-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)ethyl]amino}methyl)benzamide; -   N-(4-hydroxy-3-biphenylyl)-4-{[methyl(tetrahydro-3-furanyl)amino]methyl}benzamide; -   N-(4-hydroxy-3-biphenylyl)-4-{[methyl(2-pyrazinylmethyl)amino]methyl}benzamide; -   N-(4-hydroxy-3-biphenylyl)-4-({methyl[(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)methyl]amino}methyl)benzamide; -   N-(4-hydroxy-3-biphenylyl)-4-({methyl[(1-methyl-4-piperidinyl)methyl]amino}methyl)benzamide; -   N-(4-hydroxy-3-biphenylyl)-4-{[2-(2-pyridinyl)-1-pyrrolidinyl]methyl}benzamide; -   N-(4-hydroxy-3-biphenylyl)-4-{[(3-methoxybenzyl)amino]methyl}benzamide; -   N-(4-aminobiphenyl-3-yl)-4-{[(4S)-2-oxo-4-phenyl-1,3-oxazolidin-3-yl]methyl}benzamide; -   N-(4-aminobiphenyl-3-yl)-4-{[(4R)-2-oxo-4-(phenylmethyl)-1,3-oxazolidin-3-yl]methyl}benzamide; -   N-[2-amino-5-(2-thienyl)phenyl]-4-{[(4R)-2-oxo-4-(phenylmethyl)-1,3-oxazolidin-3-yl]methyl}benzamide; -   N-(4-aminobiphenyl-3-yl)-4-{[(4S)-2-oxo-4-(phenylmethyl)-1,3-oxazolidin-3-yl]methyl}benzamide; -   N-(4-aminobiphenyl-3-yl)-4-{[(4R)-2-oxo-4-phenyl-1,3-oxazolidin-3-yl]methyl}benzamide; -   {[4-({[2-amino-5-(2-thienyl)phenyl]amino}carbonyl)benzyl]amino}acetic     acid; -   {[4-({[2-amino-5-(3-thienyl)phenyl]amino}carbonyl)benzyl]amino}acetic     acid; or -   4-({Acetyl[(1-methyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl]amino}methyl)-N-[2-amino-5-(2-thienyl)phenyl]benzamide;     or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt or stereoisomer thereof.     Chemical Definitions

As used herein, “alkyl” is intended to include both branched and straight-chain saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon groups having the specified number of carbon atoms. For example, C₁-C₁₀, as in “C₁-C₁₀ alkyl” is defined to include groups having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 carbons in a linear or branched arrangement. For example, “C₁-C₁₀ alkyl” specifically includes methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, i-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, and so on.

When used in the phrases “alkylaryl”, “alkylcycloalkyl” and “alkylheterocyclyl” the term “alkyl” refers to the alkyl portion of the moiety and does not describe the number of atoms in the aryl and heterocyclyl portion of the moiety. In an embodiment, if the number of carbon atoms is not specified, the “alkyl” of “alkylaryl”, “alkylcycloalkyl” and “alkylheterocyclyl” refers to C₁-C₁₂ alkyl and in a further embodiment, refers to C₁-C₆ alkyl.

The term “cycloalkyl” means a monocyclic saturated or unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon group having the specified number of carbon atoms. The cycloalkyl is optionally bridged (i.e., forming a bicyclic moiety), for example with a methylene, ethylene or propylene bridge. The cycloalkyl may be fused with an aryl group such as phenyl, and it is understood that the cycloalkyl substituent is attached via the cycloalkyl group. For example, “cycloalkyl” includes cyclopropyl, methyl-cyclopropyl, 2,2-dimethyl-cyclobutyl, 2-ethyl-cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclobutenyl and so on.

In an embodiment, if the number of carbon atoms is not specified, “alkyl” refers to C₁-C₁₂ alkyl and in a further embodiment, “alkyl” refers to C₁-C₆ alkyl. In an embodiment, if the number of carbon atoms is not specified, “cycloalkyl” refers to C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl and in a further embodiment, “cycloalkyl” refers to C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl. In an embodiment, examples of “alkyl” include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, t-butyl and i-butyl.

The term “alkylene” means a hydrocarbon diradical group having the specified number of carbon atoms. For example, “alkylene” includes —CH₂—, —CH₂CH₂— and the like. In an embodiment, if the number of carbon atoms is not specified, “alkylene” refers to C₁-C₁₂ alkylene and in a further embodiment, “alkylene” refers to C₁-C₆ alkylene.

If no number of carbon atoms is specified, the term “alkenyl” refers to a non-aromatic hydrocarbon radical, straight, branched or cyclic, containing from 2 to 10 carbon atoms and at least one carbon to carbon double bond. Preferably one carbon to carbon double bond is present, and up to four non-aromatic carbon-carbon double bonds may be present. Thus, “C₂-C₆ alkenyl” means an alkenyl radical having from 2 to 6 carbon atoms. Alkenyl groups include ethenyl, propenyl, butenyl, 2-methylbutenyl and cyclohexenyl. The straight, branched or cyclic portion of the alkenyl group may contain double bonds and may be substituted if a substituted alkenyl group is indicated.

The term “alkynyl” refers to a hydrocarbon radical straight, branched or cyclic, containing from 2 to 10 carbon atoms and at least one carbon to carbon triple bond. Up to three carbon-carbon triple bonds may be present. Thus, “C₂-C₆ alkynyl” means an alkynyl radical having from 2 to 6 carbon atoms. Alkynyl groups include ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl, 3-methylbutynyl and so on. The straight, branched or cyclic portion of the alkynyl group may contain triple bonds and may be substituted if a substituted alkynyl group is indicated.

In certain instances, substituents may be defined with a range of carbons that includes zero, such as (C₀-C₆)alkylene-aryl. If aryl is taken to be phenyl, this definition would include phenyl itself as well as —CH₂Ph, —CH₂CH₂Ph, CH(CH₃)CH₂CH(CH₃)Ph, and so on.

“Aryl” is intended to mean any stable monocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic carbon ring of up to 7 atoms in each ring, wherein at least one ring is aromatic. Examples of such aryl elements include phenyl, naphthyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, indanyl and biphenyl. In cases where the aryl substituent is bicyclic and one ring is non-aromatic, it is understood that attachment is via the aromatic ring.

In one embodiment, “aryl” is an aromatic ring of 6 to 14 carbons atoms, and includes a carbocyclic aromatic group fused with a 5- or 6-membered cycloalkyl group such as indan. Examples of carbocyclic aromatic groups include, but are not limited to, phenyl, naphthyl, e.g. 1-naphthyl and 2-naphthyl; anthracenyl, e.g. 1-anthracenyl, 2-anthracenyl; phenanthrenyl; fluorenonyl, e.g. 9-fluorenonyl, indanyl and the like.

The term heteroaryl, as used herein, represents a stable monocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic ring of up to 7 atoms in each ring, wherein at least one ring is aromatic and contains carbon and from 1 to 4 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, N and S. In another embodiment, the term heteroaryl refers to a monocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic aromatic ring of 5- to 14-ring atoms of carbon and from one to four heteroatoms selected from O, N, or S. As with the definition of heterocycle below, “heteroaryl” is also understood to include the N-oxide derivative of any nitrogen-containing heteroaryl. In cases where the heteroaryl substituent is bicyclic and one ring is non-aromatic or contains no heteroatoms, it is understood that attachment is via the aromatic ring or via the heteroatom containing ring, respectively.

Heteroaryl groups within the scope of this definition include but are not limited to acridinyl, carbazolyl, cinnolinyl, quinoxalinyl, pyrazolyl, indolyl, benzotriazolyl, furanyl, thienyl, benzothienyl, benzofuranyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, indolyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolyl, tetrahydroquinoline. Additional examples of heteroaryl include, but are not limited to pyridyl, e.g., 2-pyridyl (also referred to as α-pyridyl), 3-pyridyl (also referred to as β-pyridyl) and 4-pyridyl (also referred to as (γ-pyridyl); thienyl, e.g., 2-thienyl and 3-thienyl; furanyl, e.g., 2-furanyl and 3-furanyl; pyrimidyl, e.g., 2-pyrimidyl and 4-pyrimidyl; imidazolyl, e.g., 2-imidazolyl; pyranyl, e.g., 2-pyranyl and 3-pyranyl; pyrazolyl, e.g., 4-pyrazolyl and 5-pyrazolyl; thiazolyl, e.g., 2-thiazolyl, 4-thiazolyl and 5-thiazolyl; thiadiazolyl; isothiazolyl; oxazolyl, e.g., 2-oxazoyl, 4-oxazoyl and 5-oxazoyl; isoxazoyl; pyrrolyl; pyridazinyl; pyrazinyl and the like.

In an embodiment, “heteroaryl” may also include a “fused polycyclic aromatic”, which is a heteroaryl fused with one or more other heteroaryl or nonaromatic heterocyclic ring. Examples include, quinolinyl and isoquinolinyl, e.g. 2-quinolinyl, 3-quinolinyl, 4-quinolinyl, 5-quinolinyl, 6-quinolinyl, 7-quinolinyl and 8-quinolinyl, 1-isoquinolinyl, 3-quinolinyl, 4-isoquinolinyl, 5-isoquinolinyl, 6-isoquinolinyl, 7-isoquinolinyl and 8-isoquinolinyl; benzofuranyl, e.g. 2-benzofuranyl and 3-benzofuranyl; dibenzofuranyl, e.g. 2,3-dihydrobenzofuranyl; dibenzothiophenyl; benzothienyl, e.g. 2-benzothienyl and 3-benzothienyl; indolyl, e.g. 2-indolyl and 3-indolyl; benzothiazolyl, e.g., 2-benzothiazolyl; benzooxazolyl, e.g., 2-benzooxazolyl; benzimidazolyl, e.g. 2-benzoimidazolyl; isoindolyl, e.g. 1-isoindolyl and 3-isoindolyl; benzotriazolyl; purinyl; thianaphthenyl, pyrazinyl and the like.

The term “heterocycle” or “heterocyclyl” as used herein is intended to mean monocyclic, spirocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic ring of up to 7 atoms in each ring, wherein each ring is aromatic or non-aromatic and contains carbon and from 1 to 4 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, N, P and S. A nonaromatic heterocycle may be fused with an aromatic aryl group such as phenyl or aromatic heterocycle.

“Heterocyclyl” therefore includes the above mentioned heteroaryls, as well as dihydro and tetrahydro analogs thereof. Further examples of “heterocyclyl” include, but are not limited to the following: azetidinyl, benzoimidazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzofurazanyl, benzopyrazolyl, benzotriazolyl, benzothiophenyl, benzoxazolyl, carbazolyl, carbolinyl, cinnolinyl, furanyl, imidazolyl, indolinyl, indolyl, indolazinyl, indazolyl, isobenzofuranyl, isoindolyl, isoquinolyl, isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, naphthpyridinyl, oxadiazolyl, oxazolyl, oxazoline, isoxazoline, oxetanyl, pyranyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyridopyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyridyl, pyrimidyl, pyrrolyl, quinazolinyl, quinolyl, quinoxalinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, tetrazolyl, tetrazolopyridyl, thiadiazolyl, thiazolyl, thienyl, triazolyl, azetidinyl, 1,4-dioxanyl, hexahydroazepinyl, piperazinyl, piperidinyl, pyridin-2-onyl, pyrrolidinyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, dihydrobenzoimidazolyl, dihydrobenzofuranyl, dihydrobenzothiophenyl, dihydrobenzoxazolyl, dihydrofuranyl, dihydroimidazolyl, dihydroindolyl, dihydroisooxazolyl, dihydroisothiazolyl, dihydrooxadiazolyl, dihydrooxazolyl, dihydropyrazinyl, dihydropyrazolyl, dihydropyridinyl, dihydropyrimidinyl, dihydropyrrolyl, dihydroquinolinyl, dihydrotetrazolyl, dihydrothiadiazolyl, dihydrothiazolyl, dihydrothienyl, dihydrotriazolyl, dihydroazetidinyl, methylenedioxybenzoyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, and tetrahydrothienyl, and N-oxides thereof. Attachment of a heterocyclyl substituent can occur via a carbon atom or via a heteroatom.

In an embodiment, “heterocycle” (also referred to herein as “heterocyclyl”), is a monocyclic, spirocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic saturated or unsaturated ring of 5- to 14-ring atoms of carbon and from one to four heteroatoms selected from O, N, S or P. Examples of heterocyclic rings include, but are not limited to: pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, morpholinyl, thiamorpholinyl, piperazinyl, dihydrofuranyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, dihydropyranyl, tetrahydrodropyranyl, dihydroquinolinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, dihydroisoquinolinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, dihydropyrazinyl, tetrahydropyrazinyl, dihydropyridyl, tetrahydropyridyl and the like.

An “alkylaryl group” (arylalkyl) is an alkyl group substituted with an aromatic group, for example, a phenyl group. In one embodiment, alkylaryl group is a benzyl group. Suitable aromatic groups are described herein and suitable alkyl groups are described herein.

An “alkylheteroaryl group” (heteroarylalkyl) is an alkyl group substituted with a heteroaryl group. Suitable heteroaryl groups are described herein and suitable alkyl groups are described herein.

An “alkylheterocyclyl” group” is an alkyl group substituted with a heterocyclyl group. Suitable heterocyclyl groups are described herein and suitable alkyl groups are described herein. Suitable substituents for an alkyheterocyclyl group are described herein.

An “alkylcycloalkyl group” is an alkyl group substituted with a cycloalkyl group. Suitable cycloalkyl groups are described herein and suitable alkyl groups are described herein.

An “aryloxy group” is an aryl group that is attached to a compound via an oxygen (e.g., phenoxy).

An “alkoxy group” (alkyloxy), as used herein, is a straight chain or branched C₁-C₁₂ or cyclic C₃-C₁₂ alkyl group that is connected to a compound via an oxygen atom. Examples of alkoxy groups include but are not limited to methoxy, ethoxy and propoxy.

An “arylalkoxy group” (arylalkyloxy) is an arylalkyl group that is attached to a compound via an oxygen on the alkyl portion of the arylalkyl (e.g., phenylmethoxy).

An “arylamino group” as used herein, is an aryl group that is attached to a compound via a nitrogen.

An “alkylamino group” as used herein, is an alkyl group that is attached to a compound via a nitrogen.

As used herein, an “arylalkylamino group” is an arylalkyl group that is attached to a compound via a nitrogen on the alkyl portion of the arylalkyl.

An “alkylsulfonyl group” as used herein, is an alkyl group that is attached to a compound via the sulfur of a sulfonyl group.

When a moiety is referred to as “unsubstituted” or not referred to as “substituted” or “optionally substituted”, it means that the moiety does not have any substituents. When a moiety is referred to as “substituted”, it denotes that any portion of the moiety that is known to one skilled in the art as being available for substitution can be substituted. The phrase “optionally substituted with one or more substituents” means, in one embodiment, one substituent, two substituents, three substituents, four substituents or five substituents. For example, the substitutable group can be a hydrogen atom that is replaced with a group other than hydrogen (i.e., a substituent group). Multiple substituent groups can be present. When multiple substituents are present, the substituents can be the same or different and substitution can be at any of the substitutable sites. Such means for substitution are well known in the art. For purposes of exemplification, which should not be construed as limiting the scope of this invention, some examples of groups that are substituents are: alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl groups (which can also be substituted, with one or more substituents), alkoxy groups (which can be substituted), a halogen or halo group (F, Cl, Br, I), hydroxy, nitro, oxo, —CN, —COH, —COOH, amino, azido, N-alkylamino or N,N-dialkylamino (in which the alkyl groups can also be substituted), N-arylamino or N,N-diarylamino (in which the aryl groups can also be substituted), esters (—C(O)—OR, where R can be a group such as alkyl, aryl, etc., which can be substituted), ureas (—NHC(O)—NHR, where R can be a group such as alkyl, aryl, etc., which can be substituted), carbamates (—NHC(O)—OR, where R can be a group such as alkyl, aryl, etc., which can be substituted), sulfonamides (—NHS(O)₂R, where R can be a group such as alkyl, aryl, etc., which can be substituted), alkylsulfonyl (which can be substituted), aryl (which can be substituted), cycloalkyl (which can be substituted) alkylaryl (which can be substituted), alkylheterocyclyl (which can be substituted), alkylcycloalkyl (which can be substituted), and aryloxy.

In one embodiment, Cy is phenyl, thienyl or pyridyl, optionally substituted with halo, methyl, methoxy, amino, hydroxyl or halomethyl. In one embodiment, Cy is

R¹⁷ and R²¹ are independently selected from hydrogen or fluoro;

R¹⁸, R¹⁹ or R²⁰ are independently selected from hydrogen, halo, methyl, methoxy or halomethyl;

R²², R²³ and R²⁴ are independently selected from hydrogen, methyl, amino, hydroxyl, and halo.

In another embodiment, Cy is phenyl or thienyl. In a further embodiment, Cy is phenyl.

In another embodiment, Cy is

In one embodiment, R¹ and R² are independently selected from H, OH, halo, NH₂, C₁-C₄ alkyl, or C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy. In another embodiment, R¹ and R² are H. In one embodiment, R¹ and R² are independently selected from H, OH, halo, NH₂, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ alkenyl, C₁-C₄ alkynyl, C₁-C₄ alkoxy, C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclic or aryl, wherein the cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclic or aryl is optionally substituted with OH, NH₂, nitro, CN, amide, carboxyl, C₁-C₇ alkoxy, C₁-C₇ alkyl, C₁-C₇ haloalkyl, C₁-C₇ haloalkyloxy, C₁-C₇ hydroxyalkyl, C₁-C₇ alkenyl, C₁-C₇ alkyl-C(═O)O—, C₁-C₇ alkyl-C(═O)—, C₁-C₇ alkynyl, halo, hydroxyalkoxy, C₁-C₇ alkyl-NHSO₂—, C₁-C₇ alkyl-SO₂NH—, C₁-C₇ alkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₇ alkylamino or di(C₁-C₇)alkylamino.

In one embodiment, R³ is H.

In one embodiment, R⁴ is selected from —NR⁶R⁷,

In another embodiment, R⁴ is —NR⁶R⁷.

In one embodiment, R⁵ is H. In another embodiment, R⁵ is independently selected from H, OH, NH₂, nitro, CN, amide, carboxyl, C₁-C₂ alkoxy, C₁-C₂ alkyl, C₁-C₂ haloalkyl, C₁-C₂ haloalkyloxy, C₁-C₂ hydroxyalkyl, C₁-C₂ alkenyl, C₁-C₂ alkyl-C(═O)O—, C₁-C₂ alkyl-C(═O)—, C₁-C₂ alkynyl, halo, hydroxyalkoxy, C₁-C₂ alkyl-NHSO₂—, C₁-C₂ alkyl-SO₂NH—, C₁-C₂ alkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₂ alkylamino or di(C₁-C₂)alkylamino.

In one embodiment, R⁶ is selected from H or C₁-C₄ alkyl.

In one embodiment, R⁷ is selected from H, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(v)O(CR^(a) ₂)_(q)R¹², —C(O)(CR^(a) ₂)_(q) R¹³, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(v)C(O)NR¹¹ or —(CR^(a) ₂)_(v)NR¹¹. In one embodiment, R⁷ is selected from H, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(v)O(CR^(a) ₂)_(q)R¹², C(O)(CR^(a) ₂)_(q)R¹³ or —(CR^(a) ₂)_(v)NR¹¹. In another embodiment, R⁷ is selected from —C(O)(CR^(a) ₂)_(q)R¹³ or —(CR^(a) ₂)_(v)NR¹¹. In another embodiment, R⁷ is —C(O)(CR^(a) ₂)_(q)R¹³. In one embodiment, R⁷ is —C(O)O(CR^(a) ₂)_(q)R¹².

In one embodiment, R⁸ is independently selected from H, C₁-C₄ alkyl, N(R⁶)₂, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(q)R¹² or when m is at least 2, two adjacent R⁸ form an aryl ring.

In one embodiment, R⁹ is H or C₁-C₄ alkyl.

In one embodiment, R¹⁰ is selected from H, C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, pyridyl, thienyl, pyrazolyl or thiazolyl; wherein cycloalkyl, pyridyl, thienyl, pyrazolyl or thiazolyl is optionally substituted with aryl, heteroaryl, halo, C₁-C₄ alkyl, N(R⁶)₂, OH, C₁-C₄ alkoxy or C₁-C₄ haloalkyl.

In one embodiment, R¹⁰ is selected from H, C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, pyridyl, thienyl, pyrazolyl or thiazolyl; wherein cycloalkyl, pyridyl, thienyl, pyrazolyl or thiazolyl is optionally substituted with OH, NH₂, nitro, CN, amide, carboxyl, C₁-C₇ alkoxy, C₁-C₇ alkyl, C₁-C₇ haloalkyl, C₁-C₇ haloalkyloxy, C₁-C₇ hydroxyalkyl, C₁-C₇ alkenyl, C₁-C₇ alkyl-C(═O)O—, C₁-C₇ alkyl-C(═O)—, C₁-C₇ alkynyl, halo, hydroxyalkoxy, C₁-C₇ alkyl-NHSO₂—, C₁-C₇ alkyl-SO₂NH—, C₁-C₇ alkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₇ alkylamino, di(C₁-C₇)alkylamino, aryl, heterocyclic or cycloalkyl.

In a further embodiment, R¹⁰ is pyridyl. In a particular embodiment, R¹⁰ is pyridin-3-yl. In a particular embodiment, R¹⁰ is pyridin-4-yl. In a particular embodiment, R¹⁰ is pyridin-2-yl. In one embodiment, R¹⁰ is methyl. In another embodiment, R¹⁰ is ethyl. In a further embodiment, R¹⁰ is propyl.

In one embodiment, R¹¹ is independently selected from H, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, aryl or heterocyclic, C₃-C₆ alkylcycloalkyl, alkylheteroaryl, alkylaryl or alkylheterocyclic, wherein the alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclic, aryl, alkylcycloalkyl, alkylheteroaryl, alkylheterocyclic, or alkylaryl is optionally substituted with aryl, heteroaryl, halo, C₁-C₄ alkyl, N(R⁶)₂, OH, C₁-C₄ alkoxy or C₁-C₄ haloalkyl.

In one embodiment, R¹¹ is independently selected from H, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, aryl or heterocyclic, C₃-C₆ alkylcycloalkyl, alkylheteroaryl, alkylaryl or alkylheterocyclic, wherein the alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclic, aryl, alkylcycloalkyl, alkylheteroaryl, alkylheterocyclic, or alkylaryl is optionally substituted with OH, NH₂, nitro, CN, amide, carboxyl, C₁-C₇ alkoxy, C₁-C₇ alkyl, C₁-C₇ haloalkyl, C₁-C₇ haloalkyloxy, C₁-C₇ hydroxyalkyl, C₁-C₇ alkenyl, C₁-C₇ alkyl-C(═O)O—, C₁-C₇ alkyl-C(═O)—, C₁-C₇ alkynyl, halo, hydroxyalkoxy, C₁-C₇ alkyl-NHSO₂—, C₁-C₇ alkyl-SO₂NH—, C₁-C₇ alkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₇ alkylamino, di(C₁-C₇)alkylamino, aryl, heterocyclic or cycloalkyl.

In another embodiment, R¹¹ is selected from H, C₁-C₄ alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkylcycloalkyl, aryl, alkylaryl, alkylheteroaryl or heteroaryl. In another embodiment, R¹¹ is selected from C₁-C₄ alkyl or alkylheteroaryl. In a further embodiment, R¹¹ is alkylheteroaryl. In a particular embodiment, R¹¹ is —CH₂-pyridyl. In a particular embodiment, R¹¹ is —CH₂-pyridin-3-yl. In a particular embodiment, R¹¹ is —CH₂-pyridin-4-yl. In a particular embodiment, R¹¹ is —CH₂-pyridin-2-yl. In one embodiment, R¹¹ is methyl. In another embodiment, R¹¹ is ethyl. In a further embodiment, R¹¹ is propyl.

In one embodiment, R¹² is selected from H, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, aryl or heterocyclic, wherein the alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclic or aryl is optionally substituted with aryl, heteroaryl, halo, C₁-C₄ alkyl, N(R⁶)₂, OH, C₁-C₄ alkoxy or C₁-C₄ haloalkyl.

In one embodiment, R¹² is selected from H, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, aryl or heterocyclic, wherein the alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclic or aryl is optionally substituted with OH, NH₂, nitro, CN, amide, carboxyl, C₁-C₇ alkoxy, C₁-C₇ alkyl, C₁-C₇ haloalkyl, C₁-C₇ haloalkyloxy, C₁-C₇ hydroxyalkyl, C₁-C₇ alkenyl, C₁-C₇ alkyl-C(═O)O—, C₁-C₇ alkyl-C(═O)—, C₁-C₇ alkynyl, halo, hydroxyalkoxy, C₁-C₇ alkyl-NHSO₂—, C₁-C₇ alkyl-SO₂NH—, C₁-C₇ alkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₇ alkylamino, di(C₁-C₇)alkylamino, aryl, heterocyclic or cycloalkyl.

In another embodiment, R¹² is selected from H, C₁-C₄ alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl. In another embodiment, R¹² is selected from C₁-C₄ alkyl or heteroaryl. In a further embodiment, R¹² is heteroaryl. In a particular embodiment, R¹² is pyridyl. In a particular embodiment, R¹² is pyridin-3-yl. In a particular embodiment, R¹² is pyridin-4-yl. In a particular embodiment, R¹² is pyridin-2-yl. In one embodiment, R¹² is methyl. In another embodiment, R¹² is ethyl. In a further embodiment, R¹² is propyl.

In one embodiment, R¹³ is selected from H, C₂-C₇ alkyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, or aryl, wherein the cycloalkyl, heteroaryl or aryl is optionally substituted with aryl, heteroaryl, halo, C₁-C₄ alkyl, N(R⁶)₂, OH, C₁-C₄ alkoxy or C₁-C₄ haloalkyl.

In one embodiment, R¹³ is selected from H, C₂-C₇ alkyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, or aryl, wherein the cycloalkyl, heteroaryl or aryl is optionally substituted with OH, NH₂, nitro, CN, amide, carboxyl, C₁-C₇ alkoxy, C₁-C₇ alkyl, C₁-C₇ haloalkyl, C₁-C₇ haloalkyloxy, C₁-C₇ hydroxyalkyl, C₁-C₇ alkenyl, C₁-C₇ alkyl-C(═O)O—, C₁-C₇ alkyl-C(═O)—, C₁-C₇ alkynyl, halo, hydroxyalkoxy, C₁-C₇ alkyl-NHSO₂—, C₁-C₇ alkyl-SO₂NH—, C₁-C₇ alkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₇ alkylamino, di(C₁-C₇)alkylamino, aryl, heterocyclic or cycloalkyl.

In another embodiment, R¹³ is selected from H, C₁-C₄ alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl. In another embodiment, R¹³ is selected from C₁-C₄ alkyl or heteroaryl. In a further embodiment, R¹³ is heteroaryl. In a particular embodiment, R¹³ is pyridyl. In a particular embodiment, R¹³ is pyridin-3-yl. In a particular embodiment, R¹³ is pyridin-4-yl. In a particular embodiment, R¹³ is pyridin-2-yl. In one embodiment, R¹³ is methyl. In another embodiment, R¹³ is ethyl. In a further embodiment, R¹³ is propyl.

In one embodiment, R^(a) is H.

In one embodiment, Ring B is heteroaryl or aryl. In a further embodiment, Ring B is phenyl. In another embodiment, Ring B is

In one embodiment, m is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8. In another embodiment, m is 1 or 2.

In one embodiment, p is 1, 2, 3 or 4. In another embodiment, p is 1.

In one embodiment, q is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4. In another embodiment, q is independently 0, 1 or 2. In a further embodiment, q is 0. In a further embodiment, q is 1. In a further embodiment, q is 2.

In one embodiment, t is 1 or 2. In one embodiment, v is 1 or 2.

In one embodiment, L¹ is ethenyl or a bond. In another embodiment, L¹ is a bond.

In one embodiment, X is OH or NH₂. In another embodiment, X is NH₂.

Stereochemistry

Many organic compounds exist in optically active forms having the ability to rotate the plane of plane-polarized light. In describing an optically active compound, the prefixes D and L or R and S are used to denote the absolute configuration of the molecule about its chiral center(s). The prefixes d and 1 or (+) and (−) are employed to designate the sign of rotation of plane-polarized light by the compound, with (−) or meaning that the compound is levorotatory. A compound prefixed with (+) or d is dextrorotatory. For a given chemical structure, these compounds, called stereoisomers, are identical except that they are non-superimposable mirror images of one another. A specific stereoisomer can also be referred to as an enantiomer, and a mixture of such isomers is often called an enantiomeric mixture. A 50:50 mixture of enantiomers is referred to as a racemic mixture. Many of the compounds described herein can have one or more chiral centers and therefore can exist in different enantiomeric forms. If desired, a chiral carbon can be designated with an asterisk (*). When bonds to the chiral carbon are depicted as straight lines in the Formulas of the invention, it is understood that both the (R) and (S) configurations of the chiral carbon, and hence both enantiomers and mixtures thereof, are embraced within the Formula. As is used in the art, when it is desired to specify the absolute configuration about a chiral carbon, one of the bonds to the chiral carbon can be depicted as a wedge (bonds to atoms above the plane) and the other can be depicted as a series or wedge of short parallel lines is (bonds to atoms below the plane). The Cahn-Inglod-Prelog system can be used to assign the (R) or (S) configuration to a chiral carbon.

When the HDAC inhibitors of the present invention contain one chiral center, the compounds exist in two enantiomeric forms and the present invention includes both enantiomers and mixtures of enantiomers, such as the specific 50:50 mixture referred to as a racemic mixtures. The enantiomers can be resolved by methods known to those skilled in the art, such as formation of diastereoisomeric salts which may be separated, for example, by crystallization (see, CRC Handbook of Optical Resolutions via Diastereomeric Salt Formation by David Kozma (CRC Press, 2001)); formation of diastereoisomeric derivatives or complexes which may be separated, for example, by crystallization, gas-liquid or liquid chromatography; selective reaction of one enantiomer with an enantiomer-specific reagent, for example enzymatic esterification; or gas-liquid or liquid chromatography in a chiral environment, for example on a chiral support for example silica with a bound chiral ligand or in the presence of a chiral solvent. It will be appreciated that where the desired enantiomer is converted into another chemical entity by one of the separation procedures described above, a further step is required to liberate the desired enantiomeric form. Alternatively, specific enantiomers may be synthesized by asymmetric synthesis using optically active reagents, substrates, catalysts or solvents, or by converting one enantiomer into the other by asymmetric transformation.

Designation of a specific absolute configuration at a chiral carbon of the compounds of the invention is understood to mean that the designated enantiomeric form of the compounds is in enantiomeric excess (ee) or in other words is substantially free from the other enantiomer. For example, the “R” forms of the compounds are substantially free from the “S” forms of the compounds and are, thus, in enantiomeric excess of the “S” forms. Conversely, “S” forms of the compounds are substantially free of “R” forms of the compounds and are, thus, in enantiomeric excess of the “R” forms. Enantiomeric excess, as used herein, is the presence of a particular enantiomer at greater than 50%. In a particular embodiment when a specific absolute configuration is designated, the enantiomeric excess of depicted compounds is at least about 90%.

When a compound of the present invention has two or more chiral carbons it can have more than two optical isomers and can exist in diastereoisomeric forms. For example, when there are two chiral carbons, the compound can have up to 4 optical isomers and 2 pairs of enantiomers ((S,S)/(R,R) and (R,S)/(S,R)). The pairs of enantiomers (e.g., (S,S)/(R,R)) are mirror image stereoisomers of one another. The stereoisomers that are not mirror-images (e.g., (S,S) and (R,S)) are diastereomers. The diastereoisomeric pairs may be separated by methods known to those skilled in the art, for example chromatography or crystallization and the individual enantiomers within each pair may be separated as described above. The present invention includes each diastereoisomer of such compounds and mixtures thereof.

As used herein, “a,” an” and “the” include singular and plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “an active agent” or “a pharmacologically active agent” includes a single active agent as well a two or more different active agents in combination, reference to “a carrier” includes mixtures of two or more carriers as well as a single carrier, and the like.

This invention is also intended to encompass pro-drugs of the 4-carboxybenzylamino derivatives disclosed herein. A prodrug of any of the compounds can be made using well-known pharmacological techniques.

This invention, in addition to the above listed compounds, is intended to encompass the use of homologs and analogs of such compounds. In this context, homologs are molecules having substantial structural similarities to the above-described compounds and analogs are molecules having substantial biological similarities regardless of structural similarities.

Pharmaceutically Acceptable Salts

The 4-carboxybenzylamino derivatives described herein can, as noted above, be prepared in the form of their pharmaceutically acceptable salts. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are salts that retain the desired biological activity of the parent compound and do not impart undesired toxicological effects. Examples of such salts are (a) acid addition salts organic and inorganic acids, for example, acid addition salts which may, for example, be hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid, methanesulphonic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, succinic acid, acetic acid, benzoic acid, oxalic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, carbonic acid, phosphoric acid, trifluoroacetic acid, formic acid and the like. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts can also be prepared from by treatment with inorganic bases, for example, sodium, potassium, ammonium, calcium, or ferric hydroxides, and such organic bases as isopropylamine, trimethylamine, 2-ethylamino ethanol, histidine, procaine, and the like. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts can also be formed from elemental anions such as chlorine, bromine and iodine.

The active compounds disclosed can, as noted above, also be prepared in the form of their hydrates. The term “hydrate” includes but is not limited to hemihydrate, monohydrate, dihydrate, trihydrate, tetrahydrate and the like.

The active compounds disclosed can, as noted above, also be prepared in the form of a solvate with any organic or inorganic solvent, for example alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, propanol and isopropanol, ketones such as acetone, aromatic solvents and the like.

The active compounds disclosed can also be prepared in any solid or liquid physical form. For example, the compound can be in a crystalline form, in amorphous form, and have any particle size. Furthermore, the compound particles may be micronized, or may be agglomerated, particulate granules, powders, oils, oily suspensions or any other form of solid or liquid physical form.

The compounds of the present invention may also exhibit polymorphism. This invention further includes different polymorphs of the compounds of the present invention. The term “polymorph” refers to a particular crystalline state of a substance, having particular physical properties such as X-ray diffraction, IR spectra, melting point, and the like.

As used herein, “a,” an” and “the” include singular and plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “an active agent” or “a pharmacologically active agent” includes a single active agent as well a two or more different active agents in combination, reference to “a carrier” includes mixtures of two or more carriers as well as a single carrier, and the like.

Methods of Treatment

The invention also relates to methods of using the 4-carboxybenzylamino derivatives described herein. As demonstrated herein, the 4-carboxybenzylamino derivatives of the present invention are useful for the treatment of cancer. In addition, there is a wide range of other diseases for which 4-carboxybenzylamino derivatives may be found useful. Non-limiting examples are thioredoxin (TRX)-mediated diseases as described herein, and diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) as described herein.

1. Treatment of Cancer

As demonstrated herein, the 4-carboxybenzylamino derivatives of the present invention are useful for the treatment of cancer. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the invention relates to a method of treating cancer in a subject in need of treatment comprising administering to said subject a therapeutically effective amount of the 4-carboxybenzylamino derivatives described herein.

The term “cancer” refers to any cancer caused by the proliferation of neoplastic cells, such as solid tumors, neoplasms, carcinomas, sarcomas, leukemias, lymphomas and the like. In particular, cancers that may be treated by the compounds, compositions and methods of the invention include, but are not limited to: Cardiac: sarcoma (angiosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, liposarcoma), myxoma, rhabdomyoma, fibroma, lipoma and teratoma; Lung: bronchogenic carcinoma (squamous cell, undifferentiated small cell, undifferentiated large cell, adenocarcinoma), alveolar (bronchiolar) carcinoma, bronchial adenoma, sarcoma, lymphoma, chondromatous hamartoma, mesothelioma; Gastrointestinal: esophagus (squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, leiomyosarcoma, lymphoma), stomach (carcinoma, lymphoma, leiomyosarcoma), pancreas (ductal adenocarcinoma, insulinoma, glucagonoma, gastrinoma, carcinoid tumors, vipoma), small bowel (adenocarcinoma, lymphoma, carcinoid tumors, Karposi's sarcoma, leiomyoma, hemangioma, lipoma, neurofibroma, fibroma), large bowel (adenocarcinoma, tubular adenoma, villous adenoma, hamartoma, leiomyoma); Genitourinary tract: kidney (adenocarcinoma, Wilm's tumor [nephroblastoma], lymphoma, leukemia), bladder and urethra (squamous cell carcinoma, transitional cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma), prostate (adenocarcinoma, sarcoma), testis (seminoma, teratoma, embryonal carcinoma, teratocarcinoma, choriocarcinoma, sarcoma, interstitial cell carcinoma, fibroma, fibroadenoma, adenomatoid tumors, lipoma); Liver: hepatoma (hepatocellular carcinoma), cholangiocarcinoma, hepatoblastoma, angiosarcoma, hepatocellular adenoma, hemangioma; Bone: osteogenic sarcoma (osteosarcoma), fibrosarcoma, malignant fibrous histiocytoma, chondrosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, malignant lymphoma (reticulum cell sarcoma), multiple myeloma, malignant giant cell tumor chordoma, osteochronfroma (osteocartilaginous exostoses), benign chondroma, chondroblastoma, chondromyxofibroma, osteoid osteoma and giant cell tumors; Nervous system: skull (osteoma, hemangioma, granuloma, xanthoma, osteitis deformans), meninges (meningioma, meningiosarcoma, gliomatosis), brain (astrocytoma, medulloblastoma, glioma, ependymoma, germinoma [pinealoma], glioblastoma multiform, oligodendroglioma, schwannoma, retinoblastoma, congenital tumors), spinal cord neurofibroma, meningioma, glioma, sarcoma); Gynecological: uterus (endometrial carcinoma), cervix (cervical carcinoma, pre-tumor cervical dysplasia), ovaries (ovarian carcinoma [serous cystadenocarcinoma, mucinous cystadenocarcinoma, unclassified carcinoma], granulosa-thecal cell tumors, Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors, dysgerminoma, malignant teratoma), vulva (squamous cell carcinoma, intraepithelial carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, fibrosarcoma, melanoma), vagina (clear cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, botryoid sarcoma (embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma), fallopian tubes (carcinoma); Hematologic: blood (myeloid leukemia [acute and chronic], acute lymphoblastic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, myeloproliferative diseases, multiple myeloma, myelodysplastic syndrome), Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma [malignant lymphoma]; Skin: malignant melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, Karposi's sarcoma, moles dysplastic nevi, lipoma, angioma, dermatofibroma; and Adrenal glands: neuroblastoma. Thus, the term “cancerous cell” as provided herein, includes a cell afflicted by any one of the above-identified conditions.

In an embodiment, the instant compounds are useful in the treatment of cancers that include, but are not limited to: leukemias including acute leukemias and chronic leukemias such as acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), Acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and Hairy Cell Leukemia; lymphomas such as cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCL), noncutaneous peripheral T-cell lymphomas, lymphomas associated with human T-cell lymphotrophic virus (HTLV) such as adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL), Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, large-cell lymphomas, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL); Burkitt's lymphoma; mesothelioma, primary central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma; multiple myeloma; childhood solid tumors such as brain tumors, neuroblastoma, retinoblastoma, Wilm's tumor, bone tumors, and soft-tissue sarcomas, common solid tumors of adults such as head and neck cancers (e.g., oral, laryngeal and esophageal), genito urinary cancers (e.g., prostate, bladder, renal, uterine, ovarian, testicular, rectal and colon), lung cancer, breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, melanoma and other skin cancers, stomach cancer, brain tumors, liver cancer and thyroid cancer.

2. Treatment of Thioredoxin (TRX)-Mediated Diseases

In another embodiment, the 4-carboxybenzylamino derivatives are used in a method of treating a thioredoxin (TRX)-mediated disease or disorder in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of one or more of the 4-carboxybenzylamino compounds described herein.

Examples of TRX-mediated diseases include, but are not limited to, acute and chronic inflammatory diseases, autoimmune diseases, allergic diseases, diseases associated with oxidative stress, and diseases characterized by cellular hyperproliferation.

Non-limiting examples are inflammatory conditions of a joint including rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and psoriatic arthritis; inflammatory bowel diseases such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis; spondyloarthropathies; scleroderma; psoriasis (including T-cell mediated psoriasis) and inflammatory dermatoses such an dermatitis, eczema, atopic dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis, urticaria; vasculitis (e.g., necrotizing, cutaneous, and hypersensitivity vasculitis); eosinphilic myositis, eosinophilic fasciitis; cancers with leukocyte infiltration of the skin or organs, ischemic injury, including cerebral ischemia (e.g., brain injury as a result of trauma, epilepsy, hemorrhage or stroke, each of which may lead to neurodegeneration); HIV, heart failure, chronic, acute or malignant liver disease, autoimmune thyroiditis; systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjorgren's syndrome, lung diseases (e.g., ARDS); acute pancreatitis; amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS); Alzheimer's disease; cachexia/anorexia; asthma; atherosclerosis; chronic fatigue syndrome, fever; diabetes (e.g., insulin diabetes or juvenile onset diabetes); glomerulonephritis; graft versus host rejection (e.g., in transplantation); hemohorragic shock; hyperalgesia: inflammatory bowel disease; multiple sclerosis; myopathies (e.g., muscle protein metabolism, esp. in sepsis); osteoporosis; Parkinson's disease; pain; pre-term labor; psoriasis; reperfusion injury; cytokine-induced toxicity (e.g., septic shock, endotoxic shock); side effects from radiation therapy, temporal mandibular joint disease, tumor metastasis; or an inflammatory condition resulting from strain, sprain, cartilage damage, trauma such as burn, orthopedic surgery, infection or other disease processes. Allergic diseases and conditions, include but are not limited to respiratory allergic diseases such as asthma, allergic rhinitis, hypersensitivity lung diseases, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, eosinophilic pneumonias (e.g., Loeffler's syndrome, chronic eosinophilic pneumonia), delayed-type hypersensitivity, interstitial lung diseases (ILD) (e.g., idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, or ILD associated with rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, ankylosing spondylitis, systemic sclerosis, Sjogren's syndrome, polymyositis or dermatomyositis); systemic anaphylaxis or hypersensitivity responses, drug allergies (e.g., to penicillin, cephalosporins), insect sting allergies, and the like.

3. Treatment of Diseases of the Central Nervous System (CNS)

In another embodiment, the 4-carboxybenzylamino derivatives are used in a method of treating a disease of the central nervous system in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of any one or more of the 4-carboxybenzylamino compounds described herein.

In a particular embodiment, the CNS disease is a neurodegenerative disease. In a further embodiment, the neurodegenerative disease is an inherited neurodegenerative disease, such as those inherited neurodegenerative diseases that are polyglutamine expansion diseases. Generally, neurodegenerative diseases can be grouped as follows:

I. Disorders characterized by progressive dementia in the absence of other prominent neurologic signs, such as Alzheimer's disease; Senile dementia of the Alzheimer type; and Pick's disease (lobar atrophy).

II. Syndromes combining progressive dementia with other prominent neurologic abnormalities such as A) syndromes appearing mainly in adults (e.g., Huntington's disease, Multiple system atrophy combining dementia with ataxia and/or manifestations of Parkinson's disease, Progressive supranuclear palsy (Steel-Richardson-Olszewski), diffuse Lewy body disease, and corticodentatonigral degeneration); and B) syndromes appearing mainly in children or young adults (e.g., Hallervorden-Spatz disease and progressive familial myoclonic epilepsy). III. Syndromes of gradually developing abnormalities of posture and movement such as paralysis agitans (Parkinson's disease), striatonigral degeneration, progressive supranuclear palsy, torsion dystonia (torsion spasm; dystonia musculorum deformans), spasmodic torticollis and other dyskinesis, familial tremor, and Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. IV. Syndromes of progressive ataxia such as cerebellar degenerations (e.g., cerebellar cortical degeneration and olivopontocerebellar atrophy (OPCA)); and spinocerebellar degeneration (Friedreich's atazia and related disorders). V. Syndrome of central autonomic nervous system failure (Shy-Drager syndrome). VI. Syndromes of muscular weakness and wasting without sensory changes (motorneuron disease such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, spinal muscular atrophy (e.g., infantile spinal muscular atrophy (Werdnig-Hoffman), juvenile spinal muscular atrophy (Wohlfart-Kugelberg-Welander) and other forms of familial spinal muscular atrophy), primary lateral sclerosis, and hereditary spastic paraplegia. VII. Syndromes combining muscular weakness and wasting with sensory changes (progressive neural muscular atrophy; chronic familial polyneuropathies) such as peroneal muscular atrophy (Charcot-Marie-Tooth), hypertrophic interstitial polyneuropathy (Dejerine-Sottas), and miscellaneous forms of chronic progressive neuropathy. VIII. Syndromes of progressive visual loss such as pigmentary degeneration of the retina (retinitis pigmentosa), and hereditary optic atrophy (Leber's disease).

DEFINITIONS

The term “treating” in its various grammatical forms in relation to the present invention refers to preventing (i.e., chemoprevention), curing, reversing, attenuating, alleviating, minimizing, suppressing or halting the deleterious effects of a disease state, disease progression, disease causative agent (e.g., bacteria or viruses) or other abnormal condition. For example, treatment may involve alleviating a symptom (i.e., not necessary all symptoms) of a disease or attenuating the progression of a disease. Because some of the inventive methods involve the physical removal of the etiological agent, the artisan will recognize that they are equally effective in situations where the inventive compound is administered prior to, or simultaneous with, exposure to the etiological agent (prophylactic treatment) and situations where the inventive compounds are administered after (even well after) exposure to the etiological agent.

Treatment of cancer, as used herein, refers to partially or totally inhibiting, delaying or preventing the progression of cancer including cancer metastasis; inhibiting, delaying or preventing the recurrence of cancer including cancer metastasis; or preventing the onset or development of cancer (chemoprevention) in a mammal, for example a human.

As used herein, the term “therapeutically effective amount” means that amount of active compound or pharmaceutical agent that elicits the biological or medicinal response in a tissue, system, animal or human that is being sought by a researcher, veterinarian, medical doctor or other clinician. The therapeutic effect is dependent upon the disease or disorder being treated or the biological effect desired. As such, the therapeutic effect can be a decrease in the severity of symptoms associated with the disease or disorder and/or inhibition (partial or complete) of progression of the disease. The amount needed to elicit the therapeutic response can be determined based on the age, health, size and sex of the subject. Optimal amounts can also be determined based on monitoring of the subject's response to treatment.

In the present invention, when the compounds are used to treat or prevent cancer, the desired biological response is partial or total inhibition, delay or prevention of the progression of cancer including cancer metastasis; inhibition, delay or prevention of the recurrence of cancer including cancer metastasis; or the prevention of the onset or development of cancer (chemoprevention) in a mammal, for example a human.

Furthermore, in the present invention, when the compounds are used to treat and/or prevent thioredoxin (TRX)-mediated diseases and conditions, a therapeutically effective amount is an amount that regulates, for example, increases, decreases or maintains a physiologically suitable level of TRX in the subject in need of treatment to elicit the desired therapeutic effect. The therapeutic effect is dependent upon the specific TRX-mediated disease or condition being treated. As such, the therapeutic effect can be a decrease in the severity of symptoms associated with the disease or disorder and/or inhibition (partial or complete) of progression of the disease or disease.

Furthermore, in the present invention, when the compounds are used to treat and/or prevent diseases or disorders of the central nervous system (CNS), a therapeutically effective amount is dependent upon the specific disease or disorder being treated. As such, the therapeutic effect can be a decrease in the severity of symptoms associated with the disease or disorder and/or inhibition (partial or complete) of progression of the disease or disorder.

In addition, a therapeutically effective amount can be an amount that inhibits histone deacetylase.

Further, a therapeutically effective amount, can be an amount that selectively induces terminal differentiation, cell growth arrest and/or apoptosis of neoplastic cells, or an amount that induces terminal differentiation of tumor cells.

The method of the present invention is intended for the treatment or chemoprevention of human patients with cancer. However, it is also likely that the method would be effective in the treatment of cancer in other subjects. “Subject”, as used herein, refers to animals such as mammals, including, but not limited to, primates (e.g., humans), cows, sheep, goats, horses, pigs, dogs, cats, rabbits, guinea pigs, rats, mice or other bovine, ovine, equine, canine, feline, rodent or murine species.

Histone Deacetylases and Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors

As demonstrated herein, the 4-carboxybenzylamino derivatives of the present invention show improved activity as histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the invention relates to a method of inhibiting the activity of histone deacetylase comprising contacting the histone deacetylase with an effective amount of one or more of the 4-carboxybenzylamino compounds described herein.

Histone deacetylases (HDACs), as that term is used herein, are enzymes that catalyze the removal of acetyl groups from lysine residues in the amino terminal tails of the nucleosomal core histones. As such, HDACs together with histone acetyl transferases (HATs) regulate the acetylation status of histones. Histone acetylation affects gene expression and inhibitors of HDACs, such as the hydroxamic acid-based hybrid polar compound suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) induce growth arrest, differentiation and/or apoptosis of transformed cells in vitro and inhibit tumor growth in vivo. HDACs can be divided into three classes based on structural homology. Class I HDACs (HDACs 1, 2, 3 and 8) bear similarity to the yeast RPD3 protein, are located in the nucleus and are found in complexes associated with transcriptional co-repressors. Class II HDACs (HDACs 4, 5, 6, 7 and 9) are similar to the yeast HDA1 protein, and have both nuclear and cytoplasmic subcellular localization. Both Class I and II HDACs are inhibited by hydroxamic acid-based HDAC inhibitors, such as SAHA. Class III HDACs form a structurally distant class of NAD dependent enzymes that are related to the yeast SIR2 proteins and are not inhibited by hydroxamic acid-based HDAC inhibitors.

Histone deacetylase inhibitors or HDAC inhibitors, as that term is used herein are compounds that are capable of inhibiting the deacetylation of histones in vivo, in vitro or both. As such, HDAC inhibitors inhibit the activity of at least one histone deacetylase. As a result of inhibiting the deacetylation of at least one histone, an increase in acetylated histone occurs and accumulation of acetylated histone is a suitable biological marker for assessing the activity of HDAC inhibitors. Therefore, procedures that can assay for the accumulation of acetylated histones can be used to determine the HDAC inhibitory activity of compounds of interest. It is understood that compounds that can inhibit histone deacetylase activity can also bind to other substrates and as such can inhibit other biologically active molecules such as enzymes. It is also to be understood that the compounds of the present invention are capable of inhibiting any of the histone deacetylases set forth above, or any other histone deacetylases.

For example, in patients receiving HDAC inhibitors, the accumulation of acetylated histones in peripheral mononuclear cells as well as in tissue treated with HDAC inhibitors can be determined against a suitable control.

HDAC inhibitory activity of a particular compound can be determined in vitro using, for example, an enzymatic assays which shows inhibition of at least one histone deacetylase. Further, determination of the accumulation of acetylated histones in cells treated with a particular composition can be determinative of the HDAC inhibitory activity of a compound.

Assays for the accumulation of acetylated histones are well known in the literature. See, for example, Marks, P. A. et al., J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 92:1210-1215, 2000, Butler, L. M. et al., Cancer Res. 60:5165-5170 (2000), Richon, V. M. et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA, 95:3003-3007, 1998, and Yoshida, M. et al., J. Biol. Chem., 265:17174-17179, 1990.

For example, an enzymatic assay to determine the activity of an HDAC inhibitor compound can be conducted as follows. Briefly, the effect of an HDAC inhibitor compound on affinity purified human epitope-tagged (Flag) HDAC1 can be assayed by incubating the enzyme preparation in the absence of substrate on ice for about 20 minutes with the indicated amount of inhibitor compound. Substrate ([³H]acetyl-labelled murine erythroleukemia cell-derived histone) can be added and the sample can be incubated for 20 minutes at 37° C. in a total volume of 30 μL. The reaction can then be stopped and released acetate can be extracted and the amount of radioactivity release determined by scintillation counting. An alternative assay useful for determining the activity of an HDAC inhibitor compound is the “HDAC Fluorescent Activity Assay; Drug Discovery Kit-AK-500” available from BIOMOL Research Laboratories, Inc., Plymouth Meeting, Pa.

In vivo studies can be conducted as follows. Animals, for example, mice, can be injected intraperitoneally with an HDAC inhibitor compound. Selected tissues, for example, brain, spleen, liver etc, can be isolated at predetermined times, post administration. Histones can be isolated from tissues essentially as described by Yoshida et al., J. Biol. Chem. 265:17174-17179, 1990. Equal amounts of histones (about 1 μg) can be electrophoresed on 15% SDS-polyacrylamide gels and can be transferred to Hybond-P filters (available from Amersham). Filters can be blocked with 3% milk and can be probed with a rabbit purified polyclonal anti-acetylated histone H4 antibody (αAc-H4) and anti-acetylated histone H3 antibody (αAc-H3) (Upstate Biotechnology, Inc.). Levels of acetylated histone can be visualized using a horseradish peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-rabbit antibody (1:5000) and the SuperSignal chemiluminescent substrate (Pierce). As a loading control for the histone protein, parallel gels can be run and stained with Coomassie Blue (CB).

In addition, hydroxamic acid-based HDAC inhibitors have been shown to up regulate the expression of the p21^(WAF1) gene. The p21^(WAF1) protein is induced within 2 hours of culture with HDAC inhibitors in a variety of transformed cells using standard methods. The induction of the p21^(WAF1) gene is associated with accumulation of acetylated histones in the chromatin region of this gene. Induction of p21^(WAF1) can therefore be recognized as involved in the G1 cell cycle arrest caused by HDAC inhibitors in transformed cells.

Combination Therapy

The 4-carboxybenzylamino compounds of the present invention can be administered alone or in combination with other therapies suitable for the disease or disorder being treated. Where separate dosage formulations are used, the 4-carboxybenzylamino compound and the other therapeutic agent can be administered at essentially the same time (concurrently) or at separately staggered times (sequentially). The pharmaceutical combination is understood to include all these regimens. Administration in these various ways are suitable for the present invention as long as the beneficial therapeutic effect of the 4-carboxybenzylamino compound and the other therapeutic agent are realized by the patient at substantially the same time. In an embodiment, such beneficial effect is achieved when the target blood level concentrations of each active drug are maintained at substantially the same time.

The instant compounds are also useful in combination with known therapeutic agents and anti-cancer agents. For example, instant compounds are useful in combination with known anti-cancer agents. Combinations of the presently disclosed compounds with other anti-cancer or chemotherapeutic agents are within the scope of the invention. Examples of such agents can be found in Cancer Principles and Practice of Oncology by V. T. Devita and S. Hellman (editors), 6^(th) edition (Feb. 15, 2001), Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Publishers. A person of ordinary skill in the art would be able to discern which combinations of agents would be useful based on the particular characteristics of the drugs and the cancer involved. Such anti-cancer agents include, but are not limited to, the following: estrogen receptor modulators, androgen receptor modulators, retinoid receptor modulators, cytotoxic/cytostatic agents, antiproliferative agents, prenyl-protein transferase inhibitors, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors and other angiogenesis inhibitors, inhibitors of cell proliferation and survival signaling, apoptosis inducing agents, agents that interfere with cell cycle checkpoints, agents that interfere with receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and cancer vaccines. The instant compounds are particularly useful when co-administered with radiation therapy.

In an embodiment, the instant compounds are also useful in combination with known anti-cancer agents including the following: estrogen receptor modulators, androgen receptor modulators, retinoid receptor modulators, cytotoxic agents, antiproliferative agents, prenyl-protein transferase inhibitors, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, HIV protease inhibitors, reverse transcriptase inhibitors, and other angiogenesis inhibitors.

“Estrogen receptor modulators” refers to compounds that interfere with or inhibit the binding of estrogen to the receptor, regardless of mechanism. Examples of estrogen receptor modulators include, but are not limited to, diethylstibestral, tamoxifen, raloxifene, idoxifene, LY353381, LY117081, toremifene, fluoxymestero, 1fulvestrant, 4-[7-(2,2-dimethyl-1-oxopropoxy-4-methyl-2-[4-[2-(1-piperidinyl)ethoxy]phenyl]-2H-1-benzopyran-3-yl]-phenyl-2,2-dimethylpropanoate, 4,4′-dihydroxybenzophenone-2,4-dinitrophenyl-hydrazone, and SH646.

Other hormonal agents include: aromatase inhibitors (e.g., aminoglutethimide, anastrozole and tetrazole), luteinizing hormone release hormone (LHRH) analogues, ketoconazole, goserelin acetate, leuprolide, megestrol acetate and mifepristone.

“Androgen receptor modulators” refers to compounds which interfere or inhibit the binding of androgens to the receptor, regardless of mechanism. Examples of androgen receptor modulators include finasteride and other 5α-reductase inhibitors, nilutamide, flutamide, bicalutamide, liarozole, and abiraterone acetate.

“Retinoid receptor modulators” refers to compounds which interfere or inhibit the binding of retinoids to the receptor, regardless of mechanism. Examples of such retinoid receptor modulators include bexarotene, tretinoin, 13-cis-retinoic acid, 9-cis-retinoic acid, α-difluoromethylornithine, ILX23-7553, trans-N-(4′-hydroxyphenyl) retinamide, and N-4-carboxyphenyl retinamide.

“Cytotoxic/cytostatic agents” refer to compounds which cause cell death or inhibit cell proliferation primarily by interfering directly with the cell's functioning or inhibit or interfere with cell mitosis, including alkylating agents, tumor necrosis factors, intercalators, hypoxia activatable compounds, microtubule inhibitors/microtubule-stabilizing agents, inhibitors of mitotic kinesins, inhibitors of histone deacetylase, inhibitors of kinases involved in mitotic progression, antimetabolites; biological response modifiers; hormonal/anti-hormonal therapeutic agents, haematopoietic growth factors, monoclonal antibody targeted therapeutic agents, topoisomerase inhibitors, proteasome inhibitors and ubiquitin ligase inhibitors.

Examples of cytotoxic agents include, but are not limited to, sertenef, cachectin, chlorambucil, cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, mechlorethamine, melphalan, uracil mustard, thiotepa, busulfan, carmustine, lomustine, streptozocin, tasonermin, lonidamine, carboplatin, altretamine, dacarbazine, procarbazine, prednimustine, dibromodulcitol, ranimustine, fotemustine, nedaplatin, oxaliplatin, temozolomide, heptaplatin, estramustine, improsulfan tosilate, trofosfamide, nimustine, dibrospidium chloride, pumitepa, lobaplatin, satraplatin, profiromycin, cisplatin, irofulven, dexifosfamide, cis-aminedichloro(2-methyl-pyridine)platinum, benzylguanine, glufosfamide, GPX100, (trans, trans, trans)-bis-mu-(hexane-1,6-diamine)-mu-[diamine-platinum(II)]bis[diamine(chloro)platinum (II)]tetrachloride, diarizidinylspermine, arsenic trioxide, 1-(11-dodecylamino-10-hydroxyundecyl)-3,7-dimethylxanthine, zorubicin, doxorubicin, daunorubicin, idarubicin, anthracenedione, bleomycin, mitomycin C, dactinomycin, plicatomycin, bisantrene, mitoxantrone, pirarubicin, pinafide, valrubicin, amrubicin, antineoplaston, 3′-deamino-3′-morpholino-13-deoxo-10-hydroxycaminomycin, annamycin, galarubicin, elinafide, MEN10755, and 4-demethoxy-3-deamino-3-aziridinyl-4-methylsulphonyl-daunorubicin (see WO 00/50032).

An example of a hypoxia activatable compound is tirapazamine.

Examples of proteasome inhibitors include but are not limited to lactacystin and bortezomib.

Examples of microtubule inhibitors/microtubule-stabilising agents include vincristine, vinblastine, vindesine, vinzolidine, vinorelbine, vindesine sulfate, 3′,4′-didehydro-4′-deoxy-8′-norvincaleukoblastine, podophyllotoxins (e.g., etoposide (VP-16) and teniposide (VM-26)), paclitaxel, docetaxol, rhizoxin, dolastatin, mivobulin isethionate, auristatin, cemadotin, RPR109881, BMS184476, vinflunine, cryptophycin, 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluoro-N-(3-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl)benzene sulfonamide, anhydrovinblastine, N,N-dimethyl-L-valyl-L-valyl-N-methyl-L-valyl-L-prolyl-L-proline-t-butylamide, TDX258, the epothilones (see for example U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,284,781 and 6,288,237) and BMS188797.

Some examples of topoisomerase inhibitors are topotecan, hycaptamine, irinotecan, rubitecan, 6-ethoxypropionyl-3′,4′-O-exo-benzylidene-chartreusin, 9-methoxy-N,N-dimethyl-5-nitropyrazolo[3,4,5-kl]acridine-2-(6H) propanamine, 1-amino-9-ethyl-5-fluoro-2,3-dihydro-9-hydroxy-4-methyl-1H,12H-benzo[de]pyrano[3′,4′:b,7]-indolizino[1,2b]quinoline-10,13(9H,15H)dione, lurtotecan, 7-[2-(N-isopropylamino)ethyl]-(20S)camptothecin, BNP1350, BNPI1100, BN80915, BN80942, etoposide phosphate, teniposide, sobuzoxane, 2′-dimethylamino-2′-deoxy-etoposide, GL331, N-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-9-hydroxy-5,6-dimethyl-6H-pyrido[4,3-b]carbazole-1-carboxamide, asulacrine, (5a,5aB,8aa,9b)-9-[2-[N-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-N-methylamino]ethyl]-5-[4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl]-5,5a,6,8,8a,9-hexohydrofuro(3′,4′:6,7)naphtho(2,3-d)-1,3-dioxol-6-one, 2,3-(methylenedioxy)-5-methyl-7-hydroxy-8-methoxybenzo[c]-phenanthridinium, 6,9-bis[(2-aminoethyl)amino]benzo[g]isoquinoline-5,10-dione, 5-(3-aminopropylamino)-7,10-dihydroxy-2-(2-hydroxyethylaminomethyl)-6H-pyrazolo[4,5,1-de]acridin-6-one, N-[1-[2(diethylamino)ethylamino]-7-methoxy-9-oxo-9H-thioxanthen-4-ylmethyl]formamide, N-(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)acridine-4-carboxamide, 6-[[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]amino]-3-hydroxy-7H-indeno[2,1-c]quinolin-7-one, and dimesna.

Examples of inhibitors of mitotic kinesins, and in particular the human mitotic kinesin KSP, are described in PCT Publications WO 01/30768, WO 01/98278, WO 03/050,064, WO 03/050,122, WO 03/049,527, WO 03/049,679, WO 03/049,678 and WO 03/39460 and pending PCT Appl. Nos. US03/06403 (filed Mar. 4, 2003), US03/15861 (filed May 19, 2003), US03/15810 (filed May 19, 2003), US03/18482 (filed Jun. 12, 2003) and US03/18694 (filed Jun. 12, 2003). In an embodiment inhibitors of mitotic kinesins include, but are not limited to inhibitors of KSP, inhibitors of MKLP1, inhibitors of CENP-E, inhibitors of MCAK, inhibitors of Kif14, inhibitors of Mphosph1 and inhibitors of Rab6-KIFL.

Examples of “histone deacetylase inhibitors” include, but are not limited to, SAHA, TSA, oxamflatin, PXD101, MG98, valproic acid and scriptaid. Further reference to other histone deacetylase inhibitors may be found in the following manuscript; Miller, T. A. et al. J. Med. Chem. 46(24):5097-5116 (2003).

“Inhibitors of kinases involved in mitotic progression” include, but are not limited to, inhibitors of aurora kinase, inhibitors of Polo-like kinases (PLK; in particular inhibitors of PLK-1), inhibitors of bub-1 and inhibitors of bub-R1. An example of an “aurora kinase inhibitor” is VX-680.

“Antiproliferative agents” includes antisense RNA and DNA oligonucleotides such as G3139, ODN698, RVASKRAS, GEM231, and INX3001, and antimetabolites such as enocitabine, carmofur, tegafur, pentostatin, doxifluridine, trimetrexate, fludarabine, capecitabine, galocitabine, cytarabine ocfosfate, fosteabine sodium hydrate, raltitrexed, paltitrexid, emitefur, tiazofurin, decitabine, nolatrexed, pemetrexed, nelzarabine, 2′-deoxy-2′-methylidenecytidine, 2′-fluoromethylene-2′-deoxycytidine, N-[5-(2,3-dihydro-benzofuryl)sulfonyl]-N′-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)urea, N6-[4-deoxy-4-[N2-[2(E),4(E)-tetradecadienoyl]glycylamino]-L-glycero-B-L-manno-heptopyranosyl]adenine, aplidine, ecteinascidin, troxacitabine, 4-[2-amino-4-oxo-4,6,7,8-tetrahydro-3H-pyrimidino[5,4-b][1,4]thiazin-6-yl-(S)-ethyl]-2,5-thienoyl-L-glutamic acid, aminopterin, 5-fluorouracil, floxuridine, methotrexate, leucovarin, hydroxyurea, thioguanine (6-TG), mercaptopurine (6-MP), cytarabine, pentostatin, fludarabine phosphate, cladribine (2-CDA), asparaginase, gemcitabine, alanosine, 11-acetyl-8-(carbamoyloxymethyl)-4-formyl-6-methoxy-14-oxa-1,11-diazatetracyclo(7.4.1.0.0)-tetradeca-2,4,6-trien-9-yl acetic acid ester, swainsonine, lometrexol, dexrazoxane, methioninase, 2′-cyano-2′-deoxy-N4-palmitoyl-1-B-D-arabino furanosyl cytosine and 3-aminopyridine-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone.

Examples of monoclonal antibody targeted therapeutic agents include those therapeutic agents which have cytotoxic agents or radioisotopes attached to a cancer cell specific or target cell specific monoclonal antibody. Examples include Bexxar.

“HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors” refers to inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase. Examples of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors that may be used include but are not limited to lovastatin (MEVACOR®; see U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,231,938, 4,294,926 and 4,319,039), simvastatin (ZOCOR®; see U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,444,784, 4,820,850 and 4,916,239), pravastatin (PRAVACHOL®; see U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,346,227, 4,537,859, 4,410,629, 5,030,447 and 5,180,589), fluvastatin (LESCOL®; see U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,354,772, 4,911,165, 4,929,437, 5,189,164, 5,118,853, 5,290,946 and 5,356,896) and atorvastatin (LIPITOR®; see U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,273,995, 4,681,893, 5,489,691 and 5,342,952). The structural formulas of these and additional HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors that may be used in the instant methods are described at page 87 of M. Yalpani, “Cholesterol Lowering Drugs”, Chemistry & Industry, pp. 85-89 (5 Feb. 1996) and U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,782,084 and 4,885,314. The term HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor as used herein includes all pharmaceutically acceptable lactone and open-acid forms (i.e., where the lactone ring is opened to form the free acid) as well as salt and ester forms of compounds which have HMG-CoA reductase inhibitory activity, and therefor the use of such salts, esters, open-acid and lactone forms is included within the scope of this invention.

“Prenyl-protein transferase inhibitor” refers to a compound which inhibits any one or any combination of the prenyl-protein transferase enzymes, including farnesyl-protein transferase (FPTase), geranylgeranyl-protein transferase type I (GGPTase-I), and geranylgeranyl-protein transferase type-II (GGPTase-II, also called Rab GGPTase).

Examples of prenyl-protein transferase inhibitors can be found in the following publications and patents: WO 96/30343, WO 97/18813, WO 97/21701, WO 97/23478, WO 97/38665, WO 98/28980, WO 98/29119, WO 95/32987, U.S. Pat. No. 5,420,245, U.S. Pat. No. 5,523,430, U.S. Pat. No. 5,532,359, U.S. Pat. No. 5,510,510, U.S. Pat. No. 5,589,485, U.S. Pat. No. 5,602,098, European Patent Publ. 0 618 221, European Patent Publ. 0 675 112, European Patent Publ. 0 604 181, European Patent Publ. 0 696 593, WO 94/19357, WO 95/08542, WO 95/11917, WO 95/12612, WO 95/12572, WO 95/10514, U.S. Pat. No. 5,661,152, WO 95/10515, WO 95/10516, WO 95/24612, WO 95/34535, WO 95/25086, WO 96/05529, WO 96/06138, WO 96/06193, WO 96/16443, WO 96/21701, WO 96/21456, WO 96/22278, WO 96/24611, WO 96/24612, WO 96/05168, WO 96/05169, WO 96/00736, U.S. Pat. No. 5,571,792, WO 96/17861, WO 96/33159, WO 96/34850, WO 96/34851, WO 96/30017, WO 96/30018, WO 96/30362, WO 96/30363, WO 96/31111, WO 96/31477, WO 96/31478, WO 96/31501, WO 97/00252, WO 97/03047, WO 97/03050, WO 97/04785, WO 97/02920, WO 97/17070, WO 97/23478, WO 97/26246, WO 97/30053, WO 97/44350, WO 98/02436, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,532,359. For an example of the role of a prenyl-protein transferase inhibitor on angiogenesis see European J. of Cancer, Vol. 35, No. 9, pp. 1394-1401 (1999).

“Angiogenesis inhibitors” refers to compounds that inhibit the formation of new blood vessels, regardless of mechanism. Examples of angiogenesis inhibitors include, but are not limited to, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, such as inhibitors of the tyrosine kinase receptors Flt-1 (VEGFR1) and Flk-1/KDR (VEGFR2), inhibitors of epidermal-derived, fibroblast-derived, or platelet derived growth factors, MMP (matrix metalloprotease) inhibitors, integrin blockers, interferon-α, interleukin-12, erythropoietin (epoietin-α), granulocyte-CSF (filgrastin), granulocyte, macrophage-CSF (sargramostim), pentosan polysulfate, cyclooxygenase inhibitors, including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs) like aspirin and ibuprofen as well as selective cyclooxy-genase-2 inhibitors like celecoxib and rofecoxib (PNAS, Vol. 89, p. 7384 (1992); JNCI, Vol. 69, p. 475 (1982); Arch. Opthalmol., Vol. 108, p. 573 (1990); Anat. Rec., Vol. 238, p. 68 (1994); FEBS Letters, Vol. 372, p. 83 (1995); Clin, Orthop. Vol. 313, p. 76 (1995); J. Mol. Endocrinol., Vol. 16, p. 107 (1996); Jpn. J. Pharmacol., Vol. 75, p. 105 (1997); Cancer Res., Vol. 57, p. 1625 (1997); Cell, Vol. 93, p. 705 (1998); Intl. J. Mol. Med., Vol. 2, p. 715 (1998); J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 274, p. 9116 (1999)), steroidal anti-inflammatories (such as corticosteroids, mineralocorticoids, dexamethasone, prednisone, prednisolone, methylpred, betamethasone), carboxyamidotriazole, combretastatin A-4, squalamine, 6-O-chloroacetyl-carbonyl)-fumagillol, thalidomide, angiostatin, troponin-1, angiotensin II antagonists (see Fernandez et al., J. Lab. Clin. Med. 105:141-145 (1985)), and antibodies to VEGF (see, Nature Biotechnology, Vol. 17, pp. 963-968 (October 1999); Kim et al., Nature, 362, 841-844 (1993); WO 00/44777; and WO 00/61186).

Other therapeutic agents that modulate or inhibit angiogenesis and may also be used in combination with the compounds of the instant invention include agents that modulate or inhibit the coagulation and fibrinolysis systems (see review in Clin. Chem. La. Med. 38:679-692 (2000)). Examples of such agents that modulate or inhibit the coagulation and fibrinolysis pathways include, but are not limited to, heparin (see Thromb. Haemost. 80:10-23 (1998)), low molecular weight heparins and carboxypeptidase U inhibitors (also known as inhibitors of active thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor [TAFIa]) (see Thrombosis Res. 101:329-354 (2001)). TAFIa inhibitors have been described in PCT Publication WO 03/013,526 and U.S. Ser. No. 60/349,925 (filed Jan. 18, 2002).

“Agents that interfere with cell cycle checkpoints” refer to compounds that inhibit protein kinases that transduce cell cycle checkpoint signals, thereby sensitizing the cancer cell to DNA damaging agents. Such agents include inhibitors of ATR, ATM, the Chk1 and Chk2 kinases and cdk and cdc kinase inhibitors and are specifically exemplified by 7-hydroxystaurosporin, flavopiridol, CYC202 (Cyclacel) and BMS-387032.

“Agents that interfere with receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs)” refer to compounds that inhibit RTKs and therefore mechanisms involved in oncogenesis and tumor progression. Such agents include inhibitors of c-Kit, Eph, PDGF, Flt3 and c-Met. Further agents include inhibitors of RTKs shown as described by Bume-Jensen and Hunter, Nature, 411:355-365, 2001.

“Inhibitors of cell proliferation and survival signaling pathway” refer to pharmaceutical agents that inhibit cell surface receptors and signal transduction cascades downstream of those surface receptors. Such agents include inhibitors of inhibitors of EGFR (for example gefitinib and erlotinib), inhibitors of ERB-2 (for example trastuzumab), inhibitors of IGFR, inhibitors of CD20 (rituximab), inhibitors of cytokine receptors, inhibitors of MET, inhibitors of PI3K (for example LY294002), serine/threonine kinases (including but not limited to inhibitors of Akt such as described in (WO 03/086404, WO 03/086403, WO 03/086394, WO 03/086279, WO 02/083675, WO 02/083139, WO 02/083140 and WO 02/083138), inhibitors of Raf kinase (for example BAY-43-9006), inhibitors of MEK (for example CI-1040 and PD-098059) and inhibitors of mTOR (for example Wyeth CCI-779 and Ariad AP23573). Such agents include small molecule inhibitor compounds and antibody antagonists.

“Apoptosis inducing agents” include activators of TNF receptor family members (including the TRAIL receptors).

The invention also encompasses combinations with NSAID's which are selective COX-2 inhibitors. For purposes of this specification NSAID's which are selective inhibitors of COX-2 are defined as those which possess a specificity for inhibiting COX-2 over COX-1 of at least 100 fold as measured by the ratio of IC₅₀ for COX-2 over IC₅₀ for COX-1 evaluated by cell or microsomal assays. Such compounds include, but are not limited to those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,474,995, U.S. Pat. No. 5,861,419, U.S. Pat. No. 6,001,843, U.S. Pat. No. 6,020,343, U.S. Pat. No. 5,409,944, U.S. Pat. No. 5,436,265, U.S. Pat. No. 5,536,752, U.S. Pat. No. 5,550,142, U.S. Pat. No. 5,604,260, U.S. Pat. No. 5,698,584, U.S. Pat. No. 5,710,140, WO 94/15932, U.S. Pat. No. 5,344,991, U.S. Pat. No. 5,134,142, U.S. Pat. No. 5,380,738, U.S. Pat. No. 5,393,790, U.S. Pat. No. 5,466,823, U.S. Pat. No. 5,633,272, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,932,598.

Inhibitors of COX-2 that are particularly useful in the instant method of treatment are: 3-phenyl-4-(4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)-2-(5H)-furanone; and 5-chloro-3-(4-methylsulfonyl)phenyl-2-(2-methyl-5-pyridinyl)pyridine; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

Compounds that have been described as specific inhibitors of COX-2 and are therefore useful in the present invention include, but are not limited to: parecoxib, CELEBREX® and BEXTRA® or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

Other examples of angiogenesis inhibitors include, but are not limited to, endostatin, ukrain, ranpirnase, IM862, 5-methoxy-4-[2-methyl-3-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)oxiranyl]-1-oxaspiro[2,5]oct-6-yl(chloroacetyl)carbamate, acetyldinanaline, 5-amino-1-[[3,5-dichloro-4-(4-chlorobenzoyl)phenyl]methyl]-1H-1,2,3-triazole-4-carboxamide, CM101, squalamine, combretastatin, RPI4610, NX31838, sulfated mannopentaose phosphate, 7,7-(carbonyl-bis[imino-N-methyl-4,2-pyrrolocarbonylimino[N-methyl-4,2-pyrrole]-carbonylimino]-bis-(1,3-naphthalene disulfonate), and 3-[(2,4-dimethylpyrrol-5-yl)methylene]-2-indolinone (SU5416).

As used above, “integrin blockers” refers to compounds which selectively antagonize, inhibit or counteract binding of a physiological ligand to the α_(v)β₃ integrin, to compounds which selectively antagonize, inhibit or counteract binding of a physiological ligand to the αvβ5 integrin, to compounds which antagonize, inhibit or counteract binding of a physiological ligand to both the α_(v)β₃ integrin and the α_(v)β₅ integrin, and to compounds which antagonize, inhibit or counteract the activity of the particular integrin(s) expressed on capillary endothelial cells. The term also refers to antagonists of the α_(v)β₆, α_(v)β₈, α₁β₁, α₂β₁, α₅β₁, α₆β₁ and α₆β₄ integrins. The term also refers to antagonists of any combination of α_(v)β₃, α_(v)β₅, α_(v)β₆, α_(v)β₈, α₁β₁, α₂β₁, α₅β₁, α₆β₁ and α₆β₄ integrins.

Some specific examples of tyrosine kinase inhibitors include N-(trifluoromethylphenyl)-5-methylisoxazol-4-carboxamide, 3-[(2,4-dimethylpyrrol-5-yl)methylidenyl)indolin-2-one, 17-(allylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin, 4-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenylamino)-7-methoxy-6-[3-(4-morpholinyl)propoxyl]quinazoline, N-(3-ethynylphenyl)-6,7-bis(2-methoxyethoxy)-4-quinazolinamine, BIBX1382, 2,3,9,10,11,12-hexahydro-10-(hydroxymethyl)-10-hydroxy-9-methyl-9,12-epoxy-1H-diindolo[1,2,3-fg:3′,2′,1′-kl]pyrrolo[3,4-i][1,6]benzodiazocin-1-one, SH268, genistein, imatinib (STI571), CEP2563, 4-(3-chlorophenylamino)-5,6-dimethyl-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidinemethane sulfonate, 4-(3-bromo-4-hydroxyphenyl)amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline, 4-(4′-hydroxyphenyl)amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline, SU6668, STI571A, N-4-chlorophenyl-4-(4-pyridylmethyl)-1-phthalazinamine, and EMD121974.

Combinations with compounds other than anti-cancer compounds are also encompassed in the instant methods. For example, combinations of the instantly claimed compounds with PPAR-γ (i.e., PPAR-gamma) agonists and PPAR-δ (i.e., PPAR-delta) agonists are useful in the treatment of certain malignancies. PPAR-γ and PPAR-δ are the nuclear peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors γ and δ. The expression of PPAR-γ on endothelial cells and its involvement in angiogenesis has been reported in the literature (see J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 1998; 31:909-913; J. Biol. Chem. 1999; 274:9116-9121; Invest. Opthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2000; 41:2309-2317). More recently, PPAR-γ agonists have been shown to inhibit the angiogenic response to VEGF in vitro; both troglitazone and rosiglitazone maleate inhibit the development of retinal neovascularization in mice. (Arch. Ophthamol. 2001; 119:709-717). Examples of PPAR-γ agonists and PPAR-γ/α agonists include, but are not limited to, thiazolidinediones (such as DRF2725, CS-011, troglitazone, rosiglitazone, and pioglitazone), fenofibrate, gemfibrozil, clofibrate, GW2570, SB219994, AR-H039242, JTT-501, MCC-555, GW2331, GW409544, NN2344, KRP297, NP0110, DRF4158, NN622, GI1262570, PNU182716, DRF552926, 2-[(5,7-dipropyl-3-trifluoromethyl-1,2-benzisoxazol-6-yl)oxy]-2-methylpropionic acid (disclosed in U.S. Ser. No. 09/782,856), and 2(R)-7-(3-(2-chloro-4-(4-fluorophenoxy)phenoxy)propoxy)-2-ethylchromane-2-carboxylic acid (disclosed in U.S. Ser. Nos. 60/235,708 and 60/244,697).

Another embodiment of the instant invention is the use of the presently disclosed compounds in combination with gene therapy for the treatment of cancer. For an overview of genetic strategies to treating cancer see Hall et al (Am J Hum Genet. 61:785-789, 1997) and Kufe et al (Cancer Medicine, 5th Ed, pp 876-889, B C Decker, Hamilton 2000). Gene therapy can be used to deliver any tumor suppressing gene. Examples of such genes include, but are not limited to, p53, which can be delivered via recombinant virus-mediated gene transfer (see U.S. Pat. No. 6,069,134, for example), Duc-4, NF-1, NF-2, RB, WT1, BRCA1, BRCA2, a uPA/uPAR antagonist (“Adenovirus-Mediated Delivery of a uPA/uPAR Antagonist Suppresses Angiogenesis-Dependent Tumor Growth and Dissemination in Mice,” Gene Therapy, August 1998; 5(8):1105-13), and interferon gamma (J. Immunol. 2000; 164:217-222).

The compounds of the instant invention may also be administered in combination with an inhibitor of inherent multidrug resistance (MDR), in particular MDR associated with high levels of expression of transporter proteins. Such MDR inhibitors include inhibitors of p-glycoprotein (P-gp), such as LY335979, XR9576, OC144-093, R101922, VX853 and PSC833 (valspodar).

A compound of the present invention may be employed in conjunction with anti-emetic agents to treat nausea or emesis, including acute, delayed, late-phase, and anticipatory emesis, which may result from the use of a compound of the present invention, alone or with radiation therapy. For the prevention or treatment of emesis, a compound of the present invention may be used in conjunction with other anti-emetic agents, especially neurokinin-1 receptor antagonists, 5HT3 receptor antagonists, such as ondansetron, granisetron, tropisetron, and zatisetron, GABAB receptor agonists, such as baclofen, a corticosteroid such as Decadron (dexamethasone), Kenalog, Aristocort, Nasalide, Preferid, Benecorten or others such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,789,118, 2,990,401, 3,048,581, 3,126,375, 3,929,768, 3,996,359, 3,928,326 and 3,749,712, an antidopaminergic, such as the phenothiazines (for example prochlorperazine, fluphenazine, thioridazine and mesoridazine), metoclopramide or dronabinol. In an embodiment, an anti-emesis agent selected from a neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist, a 5HT3 receptor antagonist and a corticosteroid is administered as an adjuvant for the treatment or prevention of emesis that may result upon administration of the instant compounds.

Neurokinin-1 receptor antagonists of use in conjunction with the compounds of the present invention are fully described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,162,339, 5,232,929, 5,242,930, 5,373,003, 5,387,595, 5,459,270, 5,494,926, 5,496,833, 5,637,699, 5,719,147; European Patent Publication Nos. EP 0 360 390, 0 394 989, 0 428 434, 0 429 366, 0 430 771, 0 436 334, 0 443 132, 0 482 539, 0 498 069, 0 499 313, 0 512 901, 0 512 902, 0 514 273, 0 514 274, 0 514 275, 0 514 276, 0 515 681, 0 517 589, 0 520 555, 0 522 808, 0 528 495, 0 532 456, 0 533 280, 0 536 817, 0 545 478, 0 558 156, 0 577 394, 0 585 913, 0 590 152, 0 599 538, 0 610 793, 0 634 402, 0 686 629, 0 693 489, 0 694 535, 0 699 655, 0 699 674, 0 707 006, 0 708 101, 0 709 375, 0 709 376, 0 714 891, 0 723 959, 0 733 632 and 0 776 893; PCT International Patent Publication Nos. WO 90/05525, 90/05729, 91/09844, 91/18899, 92/01688, 92/06079, 92/12151, 92/15585, 92/17449, 92/20661, 92/20676, 92/21677, 92/22569, 93/00330, 93/00331, 93/01159, 93/01165, 93/01169, 93/01170, 93/06099, 93/09116, 93/10073, 93/14084, 93/14113, 93/18023, 93/19064, 93/21155, 93/21181, 93/23380, 93/24465, 94/00440, 94/01402, 94/02461, 94/02595, 94/03429, 94/03445, 94/04494, 94/04496, 94/05625, 94/07843, 94/08997, 94/10165, 94/10167, 94/10168, 94/10170, 94/11368, 94/13639, 94/13663, 94/14767, 94/15903, 94/19320, 94/19323, 94/20500, 94/26735, 94/26740, 94/29309, 95/02595, 95/04040, 95/04042, 95/06645, 95/07886, 95/07908, 95/08549, 95/11880, 95/14017, 95/15311, 95/16679, 95/17382, 95/18124, 95/18129, 95/19344, 95/20575, 95/21819, 95/22525, 95/23798, 95/26338, 95/28418, 95/30674, 95/30687, 95/33744, 96/05181, 96/05193, 96/05203, 96/06094, 96/07649, 96/10562, 96/16939, 96/18643, 96/20197, 96/21661, 96/29304, 96/29317, 96/29326, 96/29328, 96/31214, 96/32385, 96/37489, 97/01553, 97/01554, 97/03066, 97/08144, 97/14671, 97/17362, 97/18206, 97/19084, 97/19942 and 97/21702; and in British Patent Publication Nos. 2 266 529, 2 268 931, 2 269 170, 2 269 590, 2 271 774, 2 292 144, 2 293 168, 2 293 169, and 2 302 689. The preparation of such compounds is fully described in the aforementioned patents and publications.

In an embodiment, the neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist for use in conjunction with the compounds of the present invention is selected from: 2-(R)-(1-(R)-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)ethoxy)-3-(S)-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-(3-(5-oxo-1H,4H-1,2,4-triazolo)methyl)morpholine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, which is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,719,147.

A compound of the instant invention may also be administered with an agent useful in the treatment of anemia. Such an anemia treatment agent is, for example, a continuous eythropoiesis receptor activator (such as epoetin alfa).

A compound of the instant invention may also be administered with an agent useful in the treatment of neutropenia. Such a neutropenia treatment agent is, for example, a hematopoietic growth factor which regulates the production and function of neutrophils such as a human granulocyte colony stimulating factor, (G-CSF). Examples of a G-CSF include filgrastim.

A compound of the instant invention may also be administered with an immunologic-enhancing drug, such as levamisole, bacillus Calmette-Guerin, octreotide, isoprinosine and Zadaxin.

A compound of the instant invention may also be useful for treating or preventing cancer, including bone cancer, in combination with bisphosphonates (understood to include bisphosphonates, diphosphonates, bisphosphonic acids and diphosphonic acids). Examples of bisphosphonates include but are not limited to: etidronate (Didronel), pamidronate (Aredia), alendronate (Fosamax), risedronate (Actonel), zoledronate (Zometa), ibandronate (Boniva), incadronate or cimadronate, clodronate, EB-1053, minodronate, neridronate, piridronate and tiludronate including any and all pharmaceutically acceptable salts, derivatives, hydrates and mixtures thereof.

A compound of the instant invention may also be useful for treating or preventing breast cancer in combination with aromatase inhibitors. Examples of aromatase inhibitors include but are not limited to anastrozole, letrozole and exemestane.

A compound of the instant invention may also be useful for treating or preventing cancer in combination with siRNA therapeutics.

A compound of the instant invention may also be useful for treating or preventing cancer in combination with compounds which induce terminal differentiation of the neoplastic cells. Suitable differentiation agents include the compounds disclosed in any one or more of the following references.

a) Polar compounds (Marks et al (1987); Friend, C., Scher, W., Holland, J. W., and Sato, T. (1971) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 68: 378-382; Tanaka, M., Levy, J., Terada, M., Breslow, R., Rifkind, R. A., and Marks, P. A. (1975) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 72: 1003-1006; Reuben, R. C., Wife, R. L., Breslow, R., Rifkind, R. A., and Marks, P. A. (1976) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 73: 862-866);

b) Derivatives of vitamin D and retinoic acid (Abe, E., Miyaura, C., Sakagami, H., Takeda, M., Konno, K., Yamazaki, T., Yoshika, S., and Suda, T. (1981) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 78: 4990-4994; Schwartz, E. L., Snoddy, J. R., Kreutter, D., Rasmussen, H., and Sartorelli, A. C. (1983) Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 24: 18; Tanenaga, K., Hozumi, M., and Sakagami, Y. (1980) Cancer Res. 40: 914-919);

c) Steroid hormones (Lotem, J. and Sachs, L. (1975) Int. J. Cancer 15: 731-740);

d) Growth factors (Sachs, L. (1978) Nature (Lond.) 274: 535, Metcalf, D. (1985) Science, 229: 16-22);

e) Proteases (Scher, W., Scher, B. M., and Waxman, S. (1983) Exp. Hematol. 11: 490-498; Scher, W., Scher, B. M., and Waxman, S. (1982) Biochem. & Biophys. Res. Comm. 109: 348-354);

f) Tumor promoters (Huberman, E. and Callaham, M. F. (1979) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 76: 1293-1297; Lottem, J. and Sachs, L. (1979) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 76: 5158-5162); and

g) inhibitors of DNA or RNA synthesis (Schwartz, E. L. and Sartorelli, A. C. (1982) Cancer Res. 42: 2651-2655, Terada, M., Epner, E., Nudel, U., Salmon, J., Fibach, E., Rifkind, R. A., and Marks, P. A. (1978) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 75: 2795-2799; Morin, M. J. and Sartorelli, A. C. (1984) Cancer Res 44: 2807-2812; Schwartz, E. L., Brown, B. J., Nierenberg, M., Marsh, J. C., and Sartorelli, A. C. (1983) Cancer Res. 43: 2725-2730; Sugano, H., Furusawa, M., Kawaguchi, T., and Ikawa, Y. (1973) Bibl. Hematol. 39: 943-954; Ebert, P. S., Wars, I., and Buell, D. N. (1976) Cancer Res. 36: 1809-1813; Hayashi, M., Okabe, J., and Hozumi, M. (1979) Gann 70: 235-238).

A compound of the instant invention may also be useful for treating or preventing cancer in combination with γ-secretase inhibitors.

Also included in the scope of the claims is a method of treating cancer that comprises administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I in combination with radiation therapy and/or in combination with a second compound selected from: an estrogen receptor modulator, an androgen receptor modulator, a retinoid receptor modulator, a cytotoxiccytostatic agent, an antiproliferative agent, a prenyl-protein transferase inhibitor, an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, an HIV protease inhibitor, a reverse transcriptase inhibitor, an angiogenesis inhibitor, PPAR-γ agonists, PPAR-δ agonists, an inhibitor of inherent multidrug resistance, an anti-emetic agent, an agent useful in the treatment of anemia, an agent useful in the treatment of neutropenia, an immunologic-enhancing drug, an inhibitor of cell proliferation and survival signaling, a bisphosphonate, an aromatase inhibitor, an siRNA therapeutic, γ-secretase inhibitors, agents that interfere with receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and an agent that interferes with a cell cycle checkpoint.

The compounds of the instant invention are useful in combination with the following therapeutic agents: abarelix (Plenaxis Depot®); aldesleukin (Prokine®); Aldesleukin (Proleukin®); Alemtuzumabb (Campath®); alitretinoin (Panretin®); allopurinol (Zyloprim®); altretamine (Hexylen®); amifostine (Ethyol®); anastrozole (Arimidex®); arsenic trioxide (Trisenox®); asparaginase (Elspar®); azacitidine (Vidaza®); bevacuzimab (Avastin®); bexarotene capsules (Targretin®); bexarotene gel (Targretin®); bleomycin (Blenoxane®); bortezomib (Velcade®); busulfan intravenous (Busulfex®); busulfan oral (Myleran®); calusterone (Methosarb®); capecitabine (Xeloda®); carboplatin (Paraplatin®); carmustine (BCNU®, BiCNU®); carmustine (Gliadel®); carmustine with Polifeprosan 20 Implant (Gliadel Wafer®); celecoxib (Celebrex®); cetuximab (Erbitux®); chlorambucil (Leukeran®); cisplatin (Platinol®); cladribine (Leustatin®, 2-CdA®); clofarabine (Clolar®); cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan®, Neosar®); cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan Injection®); cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan Tablet®); cytarabine (Cytosar-U®); cytarabine liposomal (DepoCyt®); dacarbazine (DTIC-Dome®); dactinomycin, actinomycin D (Cosmegen®); Darbepoetin alfa (Aranesp®); daunorubicin liposomal (DanuoXome®); daunorubicin, daunomycin (Daunorubicin®); daunorubicin, daunomycin (Cerubidine®); Denileukin diftitox (Ontak®); dexrazoxane (Zinecard®); docetaxel (Taxotere®); doxorubicin (Adriamycin PFS®); doxorubicin (Adriamycin®, Rubex®); doxorubicin (Adriamycin PFS Injection®); doxorubicin liposomal (Doxil®); DROMOSTANOLONE PROPIONATE (DROMOSTANOLONE®); DROMOSTANOLONE PROPIONATE (MASTERONE INJECTION®); Elliott's B Solution (Elliott's B Solution®); epirubicin (Ellence®); Epoetin alfa (Epogen®); erlotinib (Tarceva®); estramustine (Emcyt®); etoposide phosphate (Etopophos®); etoposide, VP-16 (Vepeside); exemestane (Aromasin®); Filgrastim (Neupogen®); floxuridine (intraarterial) (FUDR®); fludarabine (Fludara®); fluorouracil, 5-FU (Adrucil®); fulvestrant (Faslodex®); gefitinib (Iressa®); gemcitabine (Gemzar®); gemtuzumab ozogamicin (Mylotarg®); goserelin acetate (Zoladex Implant®); goserelin acetate (Zoladex®); histrelin acetate (Histrelin Implant®); hydroxyurea (Hydrea®); Ibritumomab Tiuxetan (Zevalin®); idarubicin (Idamycin®); ifosfamide (IFEX®); imatinib mesylate (Gleevec®); interferon alfa 2a (Roferon A®); Interferon alfa-2b (Intron A®); irinotecan (Camptosar®); lenalidomide (Revlimid®); letrozole (Femara®); leucovorin (Wellcovorin®, Leucovorin®); Leuprolide Acetate (Eligard®); levamisole (Ergamisol®); lomustine, CCNU (CeeBU®); meclorethamine, nitrogen mustard (Mustargen®); megestrol acetate (Megace®); melphalan, L-PAM (Alkeran®); mercaptopurine, 6-MP (Purinethol®); mesna (Mesnex®); mesna (Mesnex Tabs®); methotrexate (Methotrexate®); methoxsalen (Uvadex®); mitomycin C (Mutamycin®); mitotane (Lysodren®); mitoxantrone (Novantrone®); nandrolone phenpropionate (Durabolin-50®); nelarabine (Arranon®); Nofetumomab (Verluma®); Oprelvekin (Neumega®); oxaliplatin (Eloxatin®); paclitaxel (Paxene®); paclitaxel (Taxol®); paclitaxel protein-bound particles (Abraxane®); palifermin (Kepivance®); pamidronate (Aredia®); pegademase (Adagen (Pegademase Bovine)®); pegaspargase (Oncaspar®); Pegfilgrastim (Neulasta®); pemetrexed disodium (Alimta®); pentostatin (Nipent®); pipobroman (Vercyte®); plicamycin, mithramycin (Mithracin®); porfimer sodium (Photofrine); procarbazine (Matulane®); quinacrine (Atabrine®); Rasburicase (Elitek®); Rituximab (Rituxan®); sargramostim (Leukine®); Sargramostim (Prokine®); sorafenib (Nexavar®); streptozocin (Zanosar®); sunitinib maleate (Sutent®); talc (Sclerosol®); tamoxifen (Nolvadex®); temozolomide (Temodar®); teniposide, VM-26 (Vumon®); testolactone (Teslac®); thioguanine, 6-TG (Thioguanine®); thiotepa (Thioplex®); topotecan (Hycamtin®); toremifene (Fareston®); Tositumomab (Bexxar®); Tositumomab/I-131 tositumomab (Bexxar®); Trastuzumab (Herceptin®); tretinoin, ATKA (Vesanoid®); Uracil Mustard (Uracil Mustard Capsules®); valrubicin (Valstar®); vinblastine (Velban®); vincristine (Oncovin®); vinorelbine (Navelbine®); vinorelbine (Navelbine®); zoledronate (Zometa®); and zoledronic acid (Zometa®).

The use of all of these approaches in combination with the 4-carboxybenzylamino compounds described herein are within the scope of the present invention.

Dosages and Dosing Schedules

The dosage regimen utilizing the 4-carboxybenzylamino derivatives of the present invention can be selected in accordance with a variety of factors including type, species, age, weight, sex and the type of cancer being treated; the severity (i.e., stage) of the disease to be treated; the route of administration; the renal and hepatic function of the patient; and the particular compound or salt thereof employed. An ordinarily skilled physician or veterinarian can readily determine and prescribe the effective amount of the drug required to treat, for example, to prevent, inhibit (fully or partially) or arrest the progress of the disease.

For oral administration, suitable daily dosages are for example between about 2-4000 mg administered orally once-daily, twice-daily or three times-daily, continuous (every day) or intermittently (e.g., 3-5 days a week). For example, when used to treat the desired disease, the dose of the 4-carboxybenzylamino compound can range between about 2 mg to about 2000 mg per day.

The 4-carboxybenzylamino derivative is administered once daily (QD), or divided into multiple daily doses such as twice daily (BID), and three times daily (TID). For administration once a day, a suitably prepared medicament would therefore contain all of the needed daily dose. For administration twice a day, a suitably prepared medicament would therefore contain half of the needed daily dose. For administration three times a day, a suitably prepared medicament would therefore contain one third of the needed daily dose.

In addition, the administration can be continuous, i.e., every day, or intermittently. The terms “intermittent” or “intermittently” as used herein means stopping and starting at either regular or irregular intervals. For example, intermittent administration of an HDAC inhibitor may be administration one to six days per week or it may mean administration in cycles (e.g., daily administration for two to eight consecutive weeks, then a rest period with no administration for up to one week) or it may mean administration on alternate days.

Typically, an intravenous formulation may be prepared which contains a concentration of the 4-carboxybenzylamino derivative of between about 1.0 mg/mL to about 10 mg/mL. In one example, a sufficient volume of intravenous formulation can be administered to a patient in a day such that the total dose for the day is between about 1 and about 1500 mg/m².

Subcutaneous formulations, preferably prepared according to procedures well known in the art at a pH in the range between about 5 and about 12, also include suitable buffers and isotonicity agents, as described below. They can be formulated to deliver a daily dose of HDAC inhibitor in one or more daily subcutaneous administrations, e.g., one, two or three times each day.

The compounds can also be administered in intranasal form via topical use of suitable intranasal vehicles, or via transdermal routes, using those forms of transdermal skin patches well known to those of ordinary skill in that art. To be administered in the form of a transdermal delivery system, the dosage administration will, or course, be continuous rather than intermittent throughout the dosage regime.

It should be apparent to a person skilled in the art that the various modes of administration, dosages and dosing schedules described herein merely set forth specific embodiments and should not be construed as limiting the broad scope of the invention. Any permutations, variations and combinations of the dosages and dosing schedules are included within the scope of the present invention.

The term “administration” and variants thereof (e.g., “administering” a compound) in reference to a compound of the invention means introducing the compound or a prodrug of the compound into the system of the animal in need of treatment. When a compound of the invention or prodrug thereof is provided in combination with one or more other active agents (e.g., a cytotoxic agent, etc.), “administration” and its variants are each understood to include concurrent and sequential introduction of the compound or prodrug thereof and other agents.

As used herein, the term “composition” is intended to encompass a product comprising the specified ingredients in the specified amounts, as well as any product which results, directly or indirectly, from combination of the specified ingredients in the specified amounts.

Pharmaceutical Compositions

The compounds of the invention, and derivatives, fragments, analogs, homologs pharmaceutically acceptable salts or hydrate thereof, can be incorporated into pharmaceutical compositions suitable for oral administration, together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. Such compositions typically comprise a therapeutically effective amount of any of the compounds above, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In one embodiment, the effective amount is an amount effective to selectively induce terminal differentiation of suitable neoplastic cells and less than an amount which causes toxicity in a patient.

Any inert excipient that is commonly used as a carrier or diluent may be used in the formulations of the present invention, such as for example, a gum, a starch, a sugar, a cellulosic material, an acrylate, or mixtures thereof. In one embodiment, the diluent is microcrystalline cellulose. The compositions may further comprise a disintegrating agent (e.g., croscarmellose sodium) and a lubricant (e.g., magnesium stearate), and in addition may comprise one or more additives selected from a binder, a buffer, a protease inhibitor, a surfactant, a solubilizing agent, a plasticizer, an emulsifier, a stabilizing agent, a viscosity increasing agent, a sweetener, a film forming agent, or any combination thereof. Furthermore, the compositions of the present invention may be in the form of controlled release or immediate release formulations.

In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions are administered orally, and are thus formulated in a form suitable for oral administration, i.e., as a solid or a liquid preparation. Suitable solid oral formulations include tablets, capsules, pills, granules, pellets and the like. Suitable liquid oral formulations include solutions, suspensions, dispersions, emulsions, oils and the like. In one embodiment of the present invention, the composition is formulated in a capsule. In accordance with this embodiment, the compositions of the present invention comprise in addition to the 4-carboxybenzylamino derivative active compound and the inert carrier or diluent, a hard gelatin capsule.

As used herein, “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” is intended to include any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents, and the like, compatible with pharmaceutical administration, such as sterile pyrogen-free water. Suitable carriers are described in the most recent edition of Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, a standard reference text in the field, which is incorporated herein by reference. Examples of such carriers or diluents include, but are not limited to, water, saline, finger's solutions, dextrose solution, and 5% human serum albumin. Liposomes and non-aqueous vehicles such as fixed oils may also be used. The use of such media and agents for pharmaceutically active substances is well known in the art. Except insofar as any conventional media or agent is incompatible with the active compound, use thereof in the compositions is contemplated. Supplementary active compounds can also be incorporated into the compositions.

Solid carriers/diluents include, but are not limited to, a gum, a starch (e.g., corn starch, pregelatinized starch), a sugar (e.g., lactose, mannitol, sucrose, dextrose), a cellulosic material (e.g., microcrystalline cellulose), an acrylate (e.g., polymethylacrylate), calcium carbonate, magnesium oxide, talc, or mixtures thereof.

For liquid formulations, pharmaceutically acceptable carriers may be aqueous or non-aqueous solutions, suspensions, emulsions or oils. Examples of non-aqueous solvents are propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, and injectable organic esters such as ethyl oleate. Aqueous carriers include water, alcoholic/aqueous solutions, emulsions or suspensions, including saline and buffered media. Examples of oils are those of petroleum, animal, vegetable, or synthetic origin, for example, peanut oil, soybean oil, mineral oil, olive oil, sunflower oil, and fish-liver oil. Solutions or suspensions can also include the following components: a sterile diluent such as water for injection, saline solution, fixed oils, polyethylene glycols, glycerine, propylene glycol or other synthetic solvents; antibacterial agents such as benzyl alcohol or methyl parabens; antioxidants such as ascorbic acid or sodium bisulfite; chelating agents such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA); buffers such as acetates, citrates or phosphates, and agents for the adjustment of tonicity such as sodium chloride or dextrose. The pH can be adjusted with acids or bases, such as hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide.

In addition, the compositions may further comprise binders (e.g., acacia, cornstarch, gelatin, carbomer, ethyl cellulose, guar gum, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, povidone), disintegrating agents (e.g., cornstarch, potato starch, alginic acid, silicon dioxide, croscarmellose sodium, crospovidone, guar gum, sodium starch glycolate, Primogel), buffers (e.g., tris-HCI, acetate, phosphate) of various pH and ionic strength, additives such as albumin or gelatin to prevent absorption to surfaces, detergents (e.g., Tween 20, Tween 80, Pluronic F68, bile acid salts), protease inhibitors, surfactants (e.g., sodium lauryl sulfate), permeation enhancers, solubilizing agents (e.g., glycerol, polyethylene glycerol), a glidant (e.g., colloidal silicon dioxide), anti-oxidants (e.g., ascorbic acid, sodium metabisulfite, butylated hydroxyanisole), stabilizers (e.g., hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose), viscosity increasing agents (e.g., carbomer, colloidal silicon dioxide, ethyl cellulose, guar gum), sweeteners (e.g., sucrose, aspartame, citric acid), flavoring agents (e.g., peppermint, methyl salicylate, or orange flavoring), preservatives (e.g., Thimerosal, benzyl alcohol, parabens), lubricants (e.g., stearic acid, magnesium stearate, polyethylene glycol, sodium lauryl sulfate), flow-aids (e.g., colloidal silicon dioxide), plasticizers (e.g., diethyl phthalate, triethyl citrate), emulsifiers (e.g., carbomer, hydroxypropyl cellulose, sodium lauryl sulfate), polymer coatings (e.g., poloxamers or poloxamines), coating and film forming agents (e.g., ethyl cellulose, acrylates, polymethacrylates) and/or adjuvants.

In one embodiment, the active compounds are prepared with carriers that will protect the compound against rapid elimination from the body, such as a controlled release formulation, including implants and microencapsulated delivery systems. Biodegradable, biocompatible polymers can be used, such as ethylene vinyl acetate, polyanhydrides, polyglycolic acid, collagen, polyorthoesters, and polylactic acid. Methods for preparation of such formulations will be apparent to those skilled in the art. The materials can also be obtained commercially from Alza Corporation and Nova Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Liposomal suspensions (including liposomes targeted to infected cells with monoclonal antibodies to viral antigens) can also be used as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. These can be prepared according to methods known to those skilled in the art, for example, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,522,811.

In one embodiment, oral compositions in dosage unit form are formulated for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage. Dosage unit form as used herein refers to physically discrete units suited as unitary dosages for the subject to be treated; each unit containing a predetermined quantity of active compound calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect in association with the required pharmaceutical carrier. The specification for the dosage unit forms of the invention are dictated by and directly dependent on the unique characteristics of the active compound and the particular therapeutic effect to be achieved, and the limitations inherent in the art of compounding such an active compound for the treatment of individuals.

The pharmaceutical compositions can be included in a container, pack, or dispenser together with instructions for administration.

The compounds of the present invention may be administered intravenously on the first day of treatment, with oral administration on the second day and all consecutive days thereafter.

The compounds of the present invention may be administered for the purpose of preventing disease progression or stabilizing tumor growth.

The preparation of pharmaceutical compositions that contain an active component is well understood in the art, for example, by mixing, granulating, or tablet-forming processes. The active therapeutic ingredient is often mixed with excipients that are pharmaceutically acceptable and compatible with the active ingredient. For oral administration, the active agents are mixed with additives customary for this purpose, such as vehicles, stabilizers, or inert diluents, and converted by customary methods into suitable forms for administration, such as tablets, coated tablets, hard or soft gelatin capsules, aqueous, alcoholic or oily solutions and the like as detailed above.

The amount of the compound administered to the patient is less than an amount that would cause unmanageable toxicity in the patient. In the certain embodiments, the amount of the compound that is administered to the patient is less than the amount that causes a concentration of the compound in the patient's plasma to equal or exceed the toxic level of the compound. In one embodiment, the concentration of the compound in the patient's plasma is maintained at about 10 nM. In another embodiment, the concentration of the compound in the patient's plasma is maintained at about 25 nM. In another embodiment, the concentration of the compound in the patient's plasma is maintained at about 50 nM. In another embodiment, the concentration of the compound in the patient's plasma is maintained at about 100 nM. In another embodiment, the concentration of the compound in the patient's plasma is maintained at about 500 nM. In another embodiment, the concentration of the compound in the patient's plasma is maintained at about 1000 nM. In another embodiment, the concentration of the compound in the patient's plasma is maintained at about 2500 nM. In another embodiment, the concentration of the compound in the patient's plasma is maintained at about 5000 nM. The optimal amount of the compound that should be administered to the patient in the practice of the present invention will depend on the particular compound used and the type of cancer being treated.

The instant invention also includes a pharmaceutical composition useful for treating or preventing cancer that comprises a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I and a second compound selected from: an estrogen receptor modulator, an androgen receptor modulator, a retinoid receptor modulator, a cytotoxic/cytostatic agent, an antiproliferative agent, a prenyl-protein transferase inhibitor, an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, an HIV protease inhibitor, a reverse transcriptase inhibitor, an angiogenesis inhibitor, a PPAR-γ agonist, a PPAR-δ agonist, an inhibitor of cell proliferation and survival signaling, a bisphosphonate, an aromatase inhibitor, an siRNA therapeutic, γ-secretase inhibitors, agents that interfere with receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and an agent that interferes with a cell cycle checkpoint.

In Vitro Methods:

The present invention also provides methods of using the 4-carboxybenzylamino derivatives of the present invention for inducing terminal differentiation, cell growth arrest and/or apoptosis of neoplastic cells thereby inhibiting the proliferation of such cells. The methods can be practiced in vivo or in vitro.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides in vitro methods for selectively inducing terminal differentiation, cell growth arrest and/or apoptosis of neoplastic cells, thereby inhibiting proliferation of such cells, by contacting the cells with an effective amount of any one or more of the 4-carboxybenzylamino derivatives described herein.

In a particular embodiment, the present invention relates to an in vitro method of selectively inducing terminal differentiation of neoplastic cells and thereby inhibiting proliferation of such cells. The method comprises contacting the cells under suitable conditions with an effective amount of one or more of the 4-carboxybenzylamino compounds described herein.

In another embodiment, the invention relates to an in vitro method of selectively inducing cell growth arrest of neoplastic cells and thereby inhibiting proliferation of such cells. The method comprises contacting the cells under suitable conditions with an effective amount of one or more of the 4-carboxybenzylamino compounds described herein.

In another embodiment, the invention relates to an in vitro method of selectively inducing apoptosis of neoplastic cells and thereby inhibiting proliferation of such cells. The method comprises contacting the cells under suitable conditions with an effective amount of one or more of the 4-carboxybenzylamino compounds described herein.

In another embodiment, the invention relates to an in vitro method of inducing terminal differentiation of tumor cells in a tumor comprising contacting the cells with an effective amount of any one or more of the 4-carboxybenzylamino compounds described herein.

Although the methods of the present invention can be practiced in vitro, it is contemplated that the preferred embodiment for the methods of selectively inducing terminal differentiation, cell growth arrest and/or apoptosis of neoplastic cells, and of inhibiting HDAC will comprise contacting the cells in vivo, i.e., by administering the compounds to a subject harboring neoplastic cells or tumor cells in need of treatment.

Thus, the present invention provides in vivo methods for selectively inducing terminal differentiation, cell growth arrest and/or apoptosis of neoplastic cells in a subject, thereby inhibiting proliferation of such cells in the subject, by administering to the subject an effective amount of any one or more of the 4-carboxybenzylamino derivatives described herein.

In a particular embodiment, the present invention relates to a method of selectively inducing terminal differentiation of neoplastic cells and thereby inhibiting proliferation of such cells in a subject. The method comprises administering to the subject an effective amount of one or more of the 4-carboxybenzylamino derivatives described herein.

In another embodiment, the invention relates to a method of selectively inducing cell growth arrest of neoplastic cells and thereby inhibiting proliferation of such cells in a subject. The method comprises administering to the subject an effective amount of one or more of the 4-carboxybenzylamino derivatives described herein.

In another embodiment, the invention relates to a method of selectively inducing apoptosis of neoplastic cells and thereby inhibiting proliferation of such cells in a subject. The method comprises administering to the subject an effective amount of one or more of the 4-carboxybenzylamino derivatives described herein.

In another embodiment, the invention relates to a method of treating a patient having a tumor characterized by proliferation of neoplastic cells. The method comprises administering to the patient one or more of the 4-carboxybenzylamino derivatives described herein. The amount of compound is effective to selectively induce terminal differentiation, induce cell growth arrest and/or induce apoptosis of such neoplastic cells and thereby inhibit their proliferation.

The invention is illustrated in the examples in the Experimental Details Section that follows. This section is set forth to aid in an understanding of the invention but is not intended to, and should not be construed to limit in any way the invention as set forth in the claims which follow thereafter.

EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS SECTION Example 1 Synthesis

The compounds of the present invention were prepared by the general methods outlined in the synthetic schemes below, as exemplified below.

A. Compounds Synthesized According to Scheme 1

4-[({[(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)oxy]carbonyl}amino)methyl]benzoic acid

A solution of CDI (107 g, 662 mmol) in dry THF (700 mL) was treated with a solution of pyridin-3-ylmethanol (72.2 g, 662 mmol) in THF (300 mL) dropwise over 10 minutes. The resulting solution was stirred for 1.25 hours and then added dropwise over 15 minutes to a water bath cooled suspension of 4-(aminomethyl)benzoic acid (100 g, 662 mmol), Et₃N (92 mL, 662 mmol) and DBU (100 mL, 662 mmol) in dry THF (1400 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo and the residue suspended in water (2500 mL), cooled in an ice-water bath and the pH adjusted to 5 with 6 N HCl (˜300 mL). The precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with cold MeOH and dried to give 4-[({[(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)oxy]carbonyl}amino)methyl]benzoic acid as a white solid. ¹H NMR (d6-DMSO, 600 MHz) δ 12.82 (br s, 1H), 8.56 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 1H), 8.51 (dd, J=4.8 and 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.93 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 1H), 7.87 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.76 (t, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.38 (dd, J=7.2 and 4.8 Hz, 1H), 7.33 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 5.07 (s, 2H), 4.25 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 1H).

1,1-dimethylethyl{3-[({4-[({[(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)oxy]carbonyl}amino)methyl]phenyl}carbonyl)amino]biphenyl-4-yl}carbamate

4-[({[(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)oxy]carbonyl}amino)methyl]benzoic acid 10.3 g, 36 mmol), HOBt (6.61 g, 43.2 mmol) and EDC (8.28 g, 43.2 mmol) were stirred in DMF (257 mL) for 10 minutes. 1,1-dimethylethyl (3-aminobiphenyl-4-yl)carbamate (13.3 g, 46.8 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture stirred at 60° C. overnight. The solvent was removed in vacuo, H₂O was added and the products extracted into EtOAc (×2). The combined organic extracts were dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was triturated in DCM to give 1,1-dimethylethyl[2-[({4-[({[(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)oxy]carbonyl}amino)methyl]phenyl}carbonyl)amino]-4-(2-thienyl)phenyl]carbamate as an off-white solid. Purification of the mother liquor by MPLC (80-100% EtOAc-hexanes) gave a second batch of product that was spectroscopically consistent with the first batch. ¹H NMR (d6-DMSO, 600 MHz) δ 9.69 (s, 1H), 8.75 (s, 1H), 8.57 (s, 1H), 8.51 (d, J=4.2 Hz, 1H), 7.97 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 7.91 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.83 (s, 1H), 7.77 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.62 (m, 3H), 7.50 (dd, J=7.8 and 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.44 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.39 (m, 3H), 7.33 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 5.08 (s, 2H), 4.27 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 1.44 (s, 9H).

Example 1 Pyridin-3-ylmethyl[(4-{[(4-aminobiphenyl-3-yl)amino]carbonyl}phenyl)methyl]carbamate

1,1-dimethylethyl[2-[({4-[({[(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)oxy]carbonyl}amino)methyl]phenyl}carbonyl)amino]-4-(2-thienyl)phenyl]carbamate (10.5 g, 19 mmol) was taken up in DCM (208 mL)/TFA (41.7 mL). After 1 hour, the solvent was removed in vacuo, saturated NaHCO₃ was added and the products extracted into EtOAc (×2). The combined organic extracts were washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated in vacuo to give pyridin-3-ylmethyl[(4-{[(4-aminobiphenyl-3-yl)amino]carbonyl}phenyl)methyl]carbamate as a tan solid. ¹H NMR (d6-DMSO, 600 MHz) δ 9.69 (s, 1H), 8.57 (s, 1H), 8.51 (dd, J=4.8 and 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.94 (m, 3H), 7.77 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.53 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.50 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.37 (m, 5H), 7.31 (dd, J=8.4 and 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.22 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 6.84 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 5.08 (br s, 4H), 4.26 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 2H). MS: cal'd 453 (MH⁺), exp 453 (MH⁺).

Additional analogs were prepared in procedures similar to those described for the preparation of the above.

TABLE 1 Example Salt # Structure Name MS forms 2

methyl 4′-amino-3′- [({4-[({[(pyridin-3- ylmethyl)oxy] carbonyl}amino)methyl] phenyl}carbonyl)amino] biphenyl-4- carboxylate cal'd 511 (MH⁺), exp 511 (MH⁺) TFA 3

pyridin-3-ylmethyl [(4-{[(2-amino-5- pyridin-3- ylphenyl)amino] carbonyl}phenyl) methyl]carbamate cal'd 454 (MH⁺), exp 454 (MH⁺) TFA 4

pyridin-3-ylmethyl {[4-({[2-amino-5-(3- thienyl)phenyl]amino} carbonyl)phenyl] methyl}carbamate cal'd 459 (MH⁺), exp 459 (MH⁺) Free base 5

pyridin-3-ylmethyl [(4-{[(4- hydroxybiphenyl-3- yl)amino]carbonyl} phenyl)methyl] carbamate cal'd 454 (MH⁺), exp 454 (MH⁺) TFA 6

pyridin-3-ylmethyl [(4-{[(2-hydroxy-5- pyridin-3- ylphenyl)amino] carbonyl}phenyl) methyl]carbamate cal'd 455 (MH⁺), exp 455 (MH⁺) TFA 7

1,1-dimethylethyl [(4-{[(4- hydroxybiphenyl-3- yl)amino]carbonyl} phenyl)methyl] carbamate cal'd 419 (MH⁺), exp 419 (MH⁺) Free base 8

4-(aminomethyl)-N- (4-hydroxybiphenyl- 3-yl)benzamide cal'd 319 (MH⁺), exp 319 (MH⁺) TFA

B. Compounds Synthesized According to Scheme 2

1,1-dimethylethyl[3-({[4-(chloromethyl)phenyl]carbonyl}amino)biphenyl-4-yl]carbamate

4-(chloromethyl)benzoyl chloride (12 g, 63.5 mmol) was dissolved in THF (120 mL) and a solution of 1,1-dimethylethyl (3-aminobiphenyl-4-yl)carbamate (19.86 g, 69.8 mmol) and DIPEA (12.2 mL, 69.8 mmol) in THF (300 mL) was added dropwise at room temperature. After stirring for 1 hour, saturated NaHCO₃ was added and the products extracted into EtOAc (×2). The combined organic extracts were dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was triturated in Et₂O to give 1,1-dimethylethyl[3-({[4-(chloromethyl)phenyl]carbonyl}amino)biphenyl-4-yl]carbamate as a white solid. ¹H NMR (d6-DMSO, 600 MHz) δ 9.92 (s, 1H), 8.75 (s, 1H), 7.97 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.83 (s, 1H), 7.63 (m, 3H), 7.59 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.50 (dd, J=8.4 and 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.44 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 7.33 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 4.84 (s, 2H), 1.44 (s, 9H).

1,1-dimethylethyl[2-({[4-(chloromethyl)phenyl]carbonyl}amino)-4-(2-thienyl)phenyl]carbamate

Prepared according to the procedure described above. 1,1-dimethylethyl[2-({[4-(chloromethyl)phenyl]carbonyl}amino)-4-(2-thienyl)phenyl]carbamate was obtained as a beige solid. ¹H NMR (d6-DMSO, 600 MHz) δ 9.91 (s, 1H), 8.72 (s, 1H), 7.95 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.78 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.58 (m, 3H), 7.49 (m, 2H), 7.42 (dd, J=3.6 and 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.10 (dd, J=5.4 and 3.6 Hz, 1H), 4.83 (s, 2H), 1.42 (s, 9H).

1,1-dimethylethyl{3-[({4-[(1,3-dioxo-1,3-dihydro-2H-isoindol-2-yl)methyl]phenyl}carbonyl)amino]biphenyl-4-yl}carbamate

1,1-dimethylethyl[3-({[4-(chloromethyl)phenyl]carbonyl}amino)biphenyl-4-yl]carbamate (20 g, 45.8 mmol), potassium phthalimide (9.33 g, 50.4 mmol) and potassium iodide (1.52 g, 9.15 mmol) were stirred in DMF (81 mL) at 50° C. overnight. Room temperature was attained, H₂O was added and the products extracted into EtOAc (×2). The combined organic extracts were washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was triturated in MeOH to give 1,1-dimethylethyl{3-[({-4-[(1,3-dioxo-1,3-dihydro-2H-isoindol-2-yl)methyl]phenyl}carbonyl)amino]biphenyl-4-yl}carbamate as a pale yellow solid.

1,1-dimethylethyl[2-[({4-[(1,3-dioxo-1,3-dihydro-2H-isoindol-2-yl)methyl]phenyl}carbonyl)amino]-4-(2-thienyl)phenyl]carbamate

Prepared according to the procedure described above. 1,1-dimethylethyl[2-[({4-[(1,3-dioxo-1,3-dihydro-2H-isoindol-2-yl)methyl]phenyl}carbonyl)amino]-4-(2-thienyl)phenyl]carbamate was obtained as a pale yellow solid.

1,1-dimethylethyl[3-({[4-(aminomethyl)phenyl]carbonyl}amino)biphenyl-4-yl]carbamate

1,1-dimethylethyl{3-[({4-[(1,3-dioxo-1,3-dihydro-2H-isoindol-2-yl)methyl]phenyl}carbonyl)amino]biphenyl-4-yl}carbamate (17 g, 31 mmol) and hydrazine hydrate (3.01 mL, 62.1 mmol) were stirred in refluxing EtOH (135 mL) for 5 hours. Room temperature was attained and the white precipitate removed by filtration and washed with EtOH. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo and purified by MPLC (10% [MeOH+1% NH₄OH]-DCM) to give 1,1-dimethylethyl[3-({[4-(aminomethyl)phenyl]carbonyl}amino)biphenyl-4-yl]carbamate as a white solid. ¹H NMR (d6-DMSO, 600 MHz) δ 9.86 (s, 1H), 8.77 (s, 1H), 7.90 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.85 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.62 (m, 3H), 7.49 (m, 3H), 7.44 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.33 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 3.79 (s, 2H), 1.45 (s, 9H).

1,1-dimethylethyl[2-({[4-(aminomethyl)phenyl]carbonyl}amino)-4-(2-thienyl)phenyl]carbamate

Prepared according to the procedure described above. 1,1-dimethylethyl[2-({[4-(aminomethyl)phenyl]carbonyl}amino)-4-(2-thienyl)phenyl]carbamate was obtained as a white solid. ¹H NMR (d6-DMSO, 600 mHz) δ 9.86 (s, 1H), 8.73 (s, 1H), 7.90 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.81 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.57 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.49 (m, 4H), 7.43 (dd, J=3.6 and 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.11 (dd, J=5.4 and 3.6 Hz, 1H), 3.78 (s, 2H), 1.43 (s, 9H).

1,1-dimethylethyl[3-({[4-({[(methyloxy)carbonyl]amino}methyl)phenyl]carbonyl}amino)biphenyl-4-yl]carbamate

1,1-dimethylethyl[3-({[4-(aminomethyl)phenyl]carbonyl}amino)biphenyl-4-yl]carbamate (0.404 g, 0.967 mmol) and DIPEA (0.22 mL, 1.257 mmol) were taken up in DCM (10 mL) and methyl chloroformate (82 μL, 1.064 mmol) was added dropwise. After stirring for 30 minutes, water was added and the products extracted into DCM (×3). The combined organic extracts were washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was triturated in DCM to give 1,1-dimethylethyl[3-({[4-({[methyloxy)carbonyl]amino}methyl)phenyl]carbonyl}amino)biphenyl-4-yl]carbamate as a beige solid. ¹H NMR (d6-DMSO, 600 MHz) δ 9.86 (s, 1H), 8.73 (s, 1H), 7.90 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.81 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.75 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 7.61 (m, 3H), 7.48 (dd, J=9.0 and 3.6 Hz, 1H), 7.43 (t, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.38 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.32 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 4.23 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 3.53 (s, 3H), 1.42 (s, 9H).

Additional analogs were prepared in procedures similar to those described for the preparation of the above.

TABLE 2 Example # Structure Name MS Salt forms 9

methyl [(4-{[(4- aminobiphenyl-3- yl)amino]carbonyl} phenyl)methyl] carbamate cal'd 376 (MH⁺), exp 376 (MH⁺) Free base 10

ethyl [(4-{[(4- aminobiphenyl-3- yl)amino]carbonyl} phenyl)methyl] carbamate cal'd 390 (MH⁺), exp 390 (MH⁺) Free base 11

1-methylethyl [(4- {[(4- aminobiphenyl-3- yl)amino]carbonyl} phenyl)methyl] carbamate cal'd 404 (MH⁺), exp 404 (MH⁺) Free base 12

propyl [(4-{[(4- aminobiphenyl-3- yl)amino]carbonyl} phenyl)methyl] carbamate cal'd 404 (MH⁺), exp 404 (MH⁺) Free base 13

2-methylpropyl [(4- {[(4-aminobiphenyl-3- yl)amino]carbonyl} phenyl)methyl] carbamate cal'd 418 (MH⁺), exp 418 (MH⁺) Free base 14

phenyl [(4-{[(4- aminobiphenyl-3- yl)amino]carbonyl} phenyl)methyl] carbamate cal'd 438 (MH⁺), exp 438 (MH⁺) Free base 15

phenylmethyl [(4- {[(4- aminobiphenyl-3- yl)amino]carbonyl} phenyl)methyl] carbamate cal'd 452 (MH⁺), exp 452 (MH⁺) Free base 16

ethyl {[4-({[2- amino-5-(2- thienyl)phenyl]amino} carbonyl)phenyl] methyl}carbamate cal'd 396 (MH⁺), exp 396 (MH⁺) Free base 17

methyl {[4-({[2- amino-5-(2- thienyl)phenyl] amino}carbonyl)phenyl] methyl}carbamate cal'd 382 (MH⁺), exp 382 (MH⁺) Free base 18

1-methylethyl {[4- ({[2-amino-5-(2- thienyl)phenyl] amino}carbonyl)phenyl] methyl}carbamate cal'd 410 (MH⁺), exp 410 (MH⁺) Free base 19

propyl {[4-({[2- amino-5-(2- thienyl)phenyl] amino}carbonyl)phenyl] methyl}carbamate cal'd 410 (MH⁺), exp 410 (MB⁺) Free base 20

2-methylpropyl {[4-({[2-amino-5- (2-thienyl)phenyl] amino}carbonyl)phenyl] methyl}carbamate cal'd 424 (MH⁺), exp 424 (MH⁺) Free base 21

phenyl {[4-({[2- amino-5-(2- thienyl)phenyl]amino} carbonyl)phenyl] methyl}carbamate cal'd 444 (MH⁺), exp 444 (MH⁺) Free base 22

phenylmethyl {[4- ({[2-amino-5-(2- thienyl)phenyl]amino} carbonyl)phenyl]methyl} carbamate cal'd 458 (MH⁺), exp 458 (MH⁺) Free base 23

4-[(acetylamino)methyl]- N-(4-aminobiphenyl-3- yl)benzamide cal'd 360 (MH⁺), exp 360 (MH⁺) Free base 24

N-(4- aminobiphenyl-3- yl)-4- [(propanoylamino) methyl]benzamide cal'd 374 (MH⁺), exp 374 (MH⁺) Free base 25

N-(4- aminobiphenyl-3- yl)-4- [(butanoylamino) methyl]benzamide cal'd 388 (MH⁺), exp 388 (MH⁺) Free base 26

N-(4- aminobiphenyl-3- yl)-4- {[(cyclopropylcarbonyl) amino]methyl} benzamide cal'd 386 (MH⁺), exp 386 (MH⁺) Free base 27

N-(4- aminobiphenyl-3- yl)-4-{[(2- methylpropanoyl) amino]methyl} benzamide cal'd 388 (MH⁺), exp 388 (MH⁺) Free base 28

N-(4- aminobiphenyl-3- yl)-4-{[(2,2- dimethylpropanoyl) amino]methyl} benzamide cal'd 402 (MH⁺), exp 402 (MH⁺) Free base 29

N-(4- aminobiphenyl-3- yl)-4-{[(3- methylbutanoyl)amino] methyl}benzamide cal'd 402 (MH⁺), exp 402 (MH⁺) Free base 30

N-(4- aminobiphenyl-3- yl)-4- {[(cyclobutylcarbonyl) amino]methyl} benzamide cal'd 400 (MH⁺), exp 400 (MH⁺) Free base 31

N-(4- aminobiphenyl-3- yl)-4-{[(3- phenylpropanoyl) amino]methyl} benzamide cal'd 450 (MH⁺), exp 450 (MH⁺) Free base 32

N-(4- aminobiphenyl-3- yl)-4- {[(cyclohexylcarbonyl) amino]methyl} benzamide cal'd 428 (MH⁺), exp 428 (MH⁺) Free base 33

N-(4- aminobiphenyl-3- {[(cyclopentylcarbonyl) amino]methyl} benzamide cal'd 414 (MH⁺), exp 414 (MH⁺) Free base 34

N-(4- aminobiphenyl-3- yl)-4- {[(phenylacetyl)amino] methyl}benzamide cal'd 436 (MH⁺), exp 436 (MH⁺) Free base 35

N-(4- aminobiphenyl-3- yl)-4- {[(phenylcarbonyl) amino]methyl} benzamide cal'd 422 (MH⁺), exp 422 (MH⁺) Free base 36

4-[(acetylamino) methyl]-N-[2-amino-5- (2-thienyl) phenyl]benzamide cal'd 366 (MH⁺), exp 366 (MH⁺) Free base 37

N-[2-amino-5-(2- thienyl)phenyl]-4- [(propanoylamino) methyl]benzamide cal'd 380 (MH⁺), exp 380 (MH⁺) Free base 38

N-[2-amino-5-(2- thienyl)phenyl]-4- [(butanoylamino) methyl]benzamide cal'd 394 (MH⁺), exp 394 (MH⁺) Free base 39

N-[2-amino-5-(2- thienyl)phenyl]-4- {[(cyclopropylcarbonyl) amino]methyl} benzamide cal'd 392 (MH⁺), exp 392 (MH⁺) Free base 40

N-[2-amino-5-(2- thienyl)phenyl]-4- {[(2- methylpropanoyl) amino]methyl} benzamide cal'd 394 (MH⁺), exp 394 (MH⁺) Free base 41

N-[2-amino-5-(2- thienyl)phenyl]-4- {[(2,2- dimethylpropanoyl) amino]methyl} benzamide cal'd 408 (MH⁺), exp 408 (MH⁺) Free base 42

N-[2-amino-5-(2- thienyl)phenyl]-4- {[3- methylbutanoyl) amino]methyl} benzamide cal'd 408 (MH⁺), exp 408 (MH⁺) Free base 43

N-[2-amino-5-(2- thienyl)phenyl]-4- {[(cyclobutylcarbonyl) amino]methyl} benzamide cal'd 406 (MH⁺), exp 406 (MH⁺) Free base 44

N-[2-amino-5-(2- thienyl)phenyl]-4- {[(3- phenylpropanoyl) amino]methyl} benzamide cal'd 456 (MH⁺), exp 456 (MH⁺) Free base 45

N-[2-amino-5-(2- thienyl)phenyl]-4- {[(cyclohexylcarbonyl) amino]methyl} benzamide cal'd 434 (MH⁺), exp 434 (MH⁺) Free base 46

N-[2-amino-5-(2- thienyl)phenyl]-4- {[(cyclopentylcarbonyl) amino]methyl} benzamide cal'd 420 (MH⁺), exp 420 (MH⁺) Free base 47

N-[2-amino-5-(2- thienyl)phenyl]-4- {[(phenylacetyl)amino] methyl}benzamide cal'd 442 (MH⁺), exp 442 (MH⁺) Free base 48

N-[2-amino-5-(2- thienyl)phenyl]-4- {[(phenylcarbonyl) amino]methyl} benzamide cal'd 428 (MH⁺), exp 428 (MH⁺) Free base

C. Compounds Synthesized According to Scheme 3

1,1-dimethylethyl[2-{[(4-{[(pyridin-3-ylacetyl)amino]methyl}phenyl)carbonyl]amino}-4-(2-thienyl)phenyl]carbamate

A suspension of 1,1-dimethylethyl[3-({[4-(aminomethyl)phenyl]carbonyl}amino)biphenyl-4-yl]carbamate (100 mg, 0.23 mmol), pyridin-3-ylacetic acid hydrochloride (44 mg, 0.26 mmol), DIPEA (0.2 mL, 1 mmol) and HATU (110 mg, 0.28 mmol) in 10 mL of DCM was stirred at room temperature for 12 hours. Then 100 mL of DCM was added the reaction mixture and washed with 10% NaHCO₃ and brine, the organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue was purified by preparative TLC to give 1,1-dimethylethyl[2-{[(4-{[(pyridin-3-ylacetyl)amino]methyl}phenyl)carbonyl]amino}-4-(2-thienyl)phenyl]carbamate.

Example 49 N-[2-amino-5-(2-thienyl)phenyl]-4-{[(pyridin-3-ylacetyl)amino]methyl}benzamide

1,1-dimethylethyl[2-{[(4-{[(pyridin-3-ylacetyl)amino]methyl}phenyl)carbonyl]amino}-4-(2-thienyl)phenyl]carbamate was stirred in 10 mL of TFA/DCM (1:1 v/v) for 2 hours. Then 20 mL of saturated NaHCO₃ was added to the reaction mixture and the resulted solution was stirred for 20 minutes, 50 mL of DCM was added to the reaction mixture and the organic layer was separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with DCM (50 mL×2), the combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, the solvent was removed and the residue was washed with 10 mL of anhydrous ethyl ether, filtered to give N-[2-amino-5-(2-thienyl)phenyl]-4-{[(pyridin-3-ylacetyl)amino]methyl}benzamide as a beige solid. ¹H NMR (MeOD, 600 MHz) δ 8.49 (s, 1H), 8.43 (d, J=5.4 Hz, 1H), 7.95 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.82 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.40 (m, 5H), 7.21 (m, 2H), 7.02 (m, 1H), 6.90 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 4.48 (s, 2H), 3.64 (s, 2H). MS: cal'd 443 (MH⁺), exp 443 (MH⁺).

Additional analogs were prepared in procedures similar to those described for the preparation of the above.

TABLE 3 Example # Structure Name MS Salt forms 50

N-(4-aminobiphenyl- 3-yl)-4-{[(pyridin-2- ylacetyl)amino]methyl} benzamide cal'd 437 (MH⁺), exp 437 (MH⁺) Free base 51

N-(4-aminobiphenyl- 3-yl)-4-{[(pyridin-3- ylacetyl)amino]methyl} benzamide cal'd 437 (MH⁺), exp 437 (MH⁺) Free base 52

N-(4-aminobiphenyl- 3-yl)-4-{[(pyridin-4- ylacetyl)amino]methyl} benzamide cal'd 437 (MH⁺), exp 437 (MH⁺) Free base 53

N-(4-aminobiphenyl- 3-yl)-4-{[(3-pyridin-3- ylpropanoyl)amino] methyl}benzamide cal'd 451 (MH⁺), exp 451 (MH⁺) Free base 54

N-[2-amino-5-(2- thienyl)phenyl]-4- {[(pyridin-2- ylacetyl)amino]methyl} benzamide cal'd 443 (MH⁺), exp 443 (MH⁺) Free base 55

N-[2-amino-5-(2- thienyl)phenyl]-4- {[(pyridin-4- ylacetyl)amino]methyl} benzamide cal'd 443 (MH⁺), exp 443 (MH⁺) Free base 56

N-[2-amino-5-(2- thienyl)phenyl]-4- {[(3-pyridin-3- ylpropanoyl)amino] methyl}benzamide cal'd 457 (MH⁺), exp 457 (MH⁺) Free base 57

(2S)-N-[4-({[2-amino- 5-(2- thienyl)phenyl]amino} carbonyl)benzyl] pyrrolidine-2- carboxamide cal'd 421 (MH⁺), exp 421 (MH⁺) Free base 58

(2S)-N-(4-{[(4- aminobiphenyl-3- yl)amino]carbonyl} benzylpyrrolidine- 2-carboxamide cal'd 415 (MH⁺), exp 415 (MH⁺) Free base

D. Compounds Synthesized According to Scheme 4

1,1-dimethylethyl{3-[({4-[({[(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)oxy]carbonyl}amino)methyl]phenyl}carbonyl)amino]biphenyl-4-yl}carbamate

Prepared from 1,1-dimethylethyl[3-({[4-(aminomethyl)phenyl]carbonyl}amino)biphenyl-4-yl]carbamate according to the procedure described in section A. 1,1-dimethylethyl{3-[({4-[({[(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)oxy]carbonyl}amino)methyl]phenyl}carbonyl)amino]biphenyl-4-yl}carbamate was obtained as a tan solid. MS: cal'd 553 (MH⁺), exp 553 (MH⁺).

Additional analogs were prepared in procedures similar to those described for the preparation of the above.

TABLE 4 Example # Structure Name MS Salt forms 59

pyridin-2-ylmethyl [(4-{[(4- aminobiphenyl-3- yl)amino]carbonyl} phenyl)methyl]carbamate cal'd 453 (MH⁺), exp 453 (MH⁺) Free base

E. Compounds Synthesized According to Scheme 5

Methyl 4-({[(dimethylamino)sulfonyl]amino}methyl)benzoate

4-(aminomethyl)benzoic acid methyl ester (0.2676 g, 1.620 mmol) was dissolved in dichloromethane (15 ml). DMAP (0.0248 g, 0.203 mmol) and DIEA (0.35 ml, 2.004 mmol) were added. The solution was cooled to 0° C. Dimethylsulfamoyl chloride (0.18 ml, 1.676 mmol) was added. The reaction was allowed to stir until completion. The reaction was diluted with DCM and washed with aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate. The aqueous layer was extracted with DCM two times. The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel, eluting with EtOAc/hexane (6-50%). MS: cal'd 273 (MH⁺), exp 273 (MH⁺).

4-({[(dimethylamino)sulfonyl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid

Methyl 4-({[(dimethylamino)sulfonyl]amino}methyl)benzoate (0.25 g, 0.918 mmol) was dissolved in THF (5 ml). Potassium hydroxide (5 ml, 10.00 mmol) was added. The reaction was heated to 50° C. for 3.5 h, until reaction was complete as indicated by LCMS. Hydrochloric acid (5 ml, 2N) was added. The reaction was concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting material was dissolved in organic solvent DCM/MeOH and washed with brine. The aqueous layer was extracted with DCM/MeOH two times. The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated. 1H NMR (d6-DMSO, 600 MHz) δ 12.88 (s, 1H), 7.88 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 7.76 (t, J=6.5 Hz, 1H), 7.42 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 4.14 (d, J=6.5 Hz, 2H), 2.59 (s, 6H). MS: cal'd 259 (MH⁺), exp 259 (MH⁺).

Additional analogs were prepared in procedures similar to those described for the preparation of the above.

TABLE 5 Example # Structure Name MS Salt forms 60

N-[2-amino-5-(2- thienyl)phenyl]-4- ({[(dimethylamino)sulfonyl] amino}methyl)benzamide cal'd 431 (MH⁺), exp 431 (MH⁺) Free base

F. Compounds Synthesized According to Scheme 6

Example 61 N-(4-amino-3-biphenylyl)-4-[(4-pyridinylamino)methyl]benzamide

67 mg of FDMP stratospheres resin (loading 1.5 mmol/g) (0.10 mmol), 142 mg (0.5 mmol) 1,1-dimethylethyl (3-aminobiphenyl-4-yl)carbamate, and 1 ml of 5% AcOH in DCE was added to a scintillation vial and allowed to shake overnight at room temperature. 106 mg (0.5 mmol) of NaBH(OAc)₃ was added to the vial in 1 ml of 5% AcOH in DCE. The vial was capped and vented, and allowed to react for 3 days at room temperature. The resin was washed with each of the following solvents 3× each and dried in vacuo: DMF, MeOH, H₂O, MeOH, and DCM.

0.1 mmol of resin from the previous step was added to a scintillation vial along with 2 ml of DCM and 51 mg (0.4 mmol) of DIEA. The vial was shaken for 1 minute and 38 mg (0.2 mmol) of 4-chloromethyl benzoyl chloride was added. The vial was capped and vented, and allowed to react overnight at room temperature. The resin was washed with each of the following solvents 3× each and dried in vacuo: DCM, DMF, H₂O, MeOH, and DCM.

0.1 mmol of resin from the previous step was added to a scintillation vial along with 214 mg (1.0 mmol) of proton sponge, 45 mg (0.3 mmol) of NaI, 45 mg (0.5 mmol) of 4-aminopyridine, and 2 ml of DMF. The resin was washed with each of the following solvents three times each and dried in vacuo: DMF, H₂O, MeOH, and DCM.

0.1 mmol of resin from the previous step was cleaved with 3 ml of 1:1 DCM:TFA for 2 hours at room temperature. The filtrate was collected and purified by HPLC to yield N-(4-amino-3-biphenylyl)-4-[(4-pyridinylamino)methyl]benzamide as a white solid. MS: cal'd 395 (MH⁺), exp 395 (MH⁺).

Additional analogs were prepared in procedures similar to those described for the preparation of the above.

TABLE 6 Example # Structure Name MS Salt forms 62

N-(4-amino-3- biphenylyl)-4- {[methyl(4- pyridinyl)amino] methyl}benzamide cal'd 409 (MH⁺), exp 409 (MH⁺) Free base 63

N-(4-amino-3- biphenylyl)-4-({[(1,5- dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-4- yl)methyl]amino}methyl) benzamide cal'd 426 (MH⁺), exp 426 (MH⁺) Free base 64

N-(4-amino-3- biphenylyl)-4- ({methyl[3- (methylamino)propyl] amino}methyl) benzamide cal'd 403 (MH⁺), exp 403 (MH⁺) Free base 65

N-(4-amino-3- biphenylyl)-4- [(isobutylamino)methyl] benzamide cal'd 374 (MH⁺), exp 374 (MH⁺) Free base 66

N-(4-amino-3- biphenylyl)-4-{[(2- methoxy-1- methylethyl)amino] methyl}benzamide cal'd 390 (MH⁺), exp 390 (MH⁺) Free base 67

N-(4-amino-2′-fluoro- 3-biphenylyl)-4-[(4- pyridinylamino)methyl] benzamide cal'd 413 (MH⁺), exp 413 (MH⁺) Free base 68

N-(4-amino-3′-fluoro- 3-biphenylyl)-4-[(4- pyridinylamino)methyl] benzamide cal'd 413 (MH⁺), exp 413 (MH⁺) Free base 69

N-[2-amino-5-(4- methyl-2- thienyl)phenyl]-4-[(4- pyridinylamino)methyl] benzamide cal'd 415 (MH⁺), exp 415 (MH⁺) Free base 70

N-[2-amino-5-(4- methyl-3- thienyl)phenyl]-4-[(4- pyridinylamino)methyl] benzamide cal'd 415 (MH⁺), exp 415 (MH⁺) Free base

G. Compounds Synthesized According to Scheme 7

Example 71 N-(4-hydroxy-3-biphenylyl)-4-{[(2-phenylethyl)amino]methyl}benzamide

133 mg of benzyloxybenzylbromide resin (loading 0.75 mmol/g) (0.10 mmol), 108 mg (0.5 mmol) of 2-nitro-4-phenyl phenol, 326 mg of cesium carbonate and 2 ml of DMF were added to a 2-5 ml microwave vial and microwaved at 140° C. for 10 minutes. The resin was filtered into a fritted reaction tube and washed with each of the following solvents 3× each and dried in vacuo: DMF, H₂O, MeOH, and DCM.

The frit was closed and 2 ml of a 2M solution of SnCl₂ was added to 0.1 mmol of resin from the previous step. The vial was sealed and shaken overnight at room temperature. The resin was washed with each of the following solvents 3× each and dried in vacuo: DMF, Isopropanol, and DCM.

A stock solution of DMAP (98 mg, 0.8 mmol) and DIEA (35 ul, 0.2 mmol) was made in 2 ml of DCM. The stock solution was added to the resin followed by the addition of 198 mg 4-chloromethylbenzoyl chloride (1.0 mmol) in 2 ml of DCM. The vial was sealed and shaken overnight at room temperature. The resin was washed with each of the following solvents three times each and dried in vacuo: DMF, Isopropanol, and DCM.

A stock solution of proton sponge (150 mg, 0.7 mmol), NaI (31 mg, 0.21 mmol) and phenethylamine (42 mg, 0.35 mmol) was made in 3 ml of DMF and added to 0.1 mmol of resin from the previous step. The vial was sealed and allowed to react overnight at room temperature. The resin was washed with each of the following solvents three times each and dried in vacuo: DMF, Isopropanol, and DCM.

0.1 mmol of resin from the previous step was cleaved with 3 ml of 1:1 DCM:TFA for 2 hours at room temperature. The filtrate was collected and purified by HPLC to yield N-(4-hydroxy-3-biphenylyl)-4-{[(2-phenylethyl)amino]methyl}benzamide as a white solid. MS: cal'd 423 (MH⁺), exp 423 (MH⁺).

Additional analogs were prepared in procedures similar to those described for the preparation of the above.

TABLE 7 Example # Structure Name MS Salt forms 72

4-({[2-(4- bromophenyl)ethyl] amino}methyl)-N-(4- hydroxy-3- biphenylyl)benzamide cal'd 501 (MH⁺), exp 501 (MH⁺) Free base 73

N-(4-hydroxy-3- biphenylyl)-4- [(isobutylamino) methyl]benzamide cal'd 375 (MH⁺), exp 375 (MH⁺) Free base 74

N-(4-hydroxy-3- biphenylyl)-4-({[(4- methyl-2-phenyl-1,3- thiazol-5- yl)methyl]amino} methyl)benzamide cal'd 506 (MH⁺), exp 506 (MH⁺) Free base 75

4- [(cyclopropylamino) methyl]-N-(4- hydroxy-3- biphenylyl)benzamide cal'd 359 (MH⁺), exp 359 (MH⁺) Free base 76

4-(anilinomethyl)-N- (4-hydroxy-3- biphenylyl)benzamide cal'd 395 (MH⁺), exp 395 (MH⁺) Free base 77

4- [(cyclopentylamino) methyl]-N-(4- hydroxy-3- biphenylyl)benzamide cal'd 387 (MH⁺), exp 387 (MH⁺) Free base 78

4-{[(cyclopropylmethyl) amino]methyl}-N- (4-hydroxy-3- biphenylyl)benzamide cal'd 373 (MH⁺), exp 373 (MH⁺) Free base 79

N-(4-hydroxy-3- biphenylyl)-4-({[2- (1H-imidazol-4- yl)ethyl]amino}methyl) benzamide cal'd 412 (MH⁺), exp 412 (MH⁺) Free base 80

4-({[2- (dimethylamino)ethyl] amino}methyl)-N- (4-hydroxy-3- biphenylyl)benzamide cal'd 390 (MH⁺), exp 390 (MH⁺) Free base 81

N-(4-hydroxy-3- biphenylyl)-4-{[(3- pyridinylmethyl)amino] methyl}benzamide cal'd 410 (MH⁺), exp 410 (MH⁺) Free base 82

N-(4-hydroxy-3- biphenylyl)-4-({[3- (1-pyrrolidinyl) propyl]amino}methyl) benzamide cal'd 430 (MH⁺), exp 430 (MH⁺) Free base 83

N-(4-hydroxy-3- biphenylyl)-4-(1- piperazinylmethyl) benzamide cal'd 388 (MH⁺), exp 388 (MH⁺) Free base 84

N-(4-hydroxy-3- biphenylyl)-4-[(4- pyridinylamino)methyl] benzamide cal'd 396 (MH⁺), exp 396 (MH⁺) Free base 85

N-(4-hydroxy-3- biphenylyl)-4-(4- morpholinylmethyl) benzamide cal'd 389 (MH⁺), exp 389 (MH⁺) Free base 86

N-(4-hydroxy-3- biphenylyl)-4-{[(3- isopropoxypropyl) amino]methyl} benzamide cal'd 419 (MH⁺), exp 419 (MH⁺) Free base 87

N-(4-hydroxy-3- biphenylyl)-4-[(4- methyl-1- piperidinyl)methyl] benzamide cal'd 401 (MH⁺), exp 401 (MH⁺) Free base 88

4- {[benzyl(methyl)amino] methyl}-N-(4- hydroxy-3- biphenylyl)benzamide cal'd 423 (MH⁺), exp 423 (MH⁺) Free base 89

N-(4-hydroxy-3- biphenylyl)-4-{[(3- phenylpropyl)amino] methyl}benzamide cal'd 437 (MH⁺), exp 437 (MH⁺) Free base 90

4-(3,4-dihydro- 2(1H)- isoquinolinylmethyl)- N-(4-hydroxy-3- biphenylyl)benzamide cal'd 435 (MH⁺), exp 435 (MH⁺) Free base 91

N-(4-hydroxy-3- biphenylyl)-4-({[2- (isopropylamino)ethyl] amino}methyl) benzamide cal'd 404 (MH⁺), exp 404 (MH⁺) Free base 92

N-(4-hydroxy-3- biphenylyl)-4-{[(3- methylbutyl)amino] methyl}benzamide cal'd 389 (MH⁺), exp 389 (MH⁺) Free base 93

N-(4-hydroxy-3- biphenylyl)-4- {[methyl(2- phenylethyl)amino] methyl}benzamide cal'd 437 (MH⁺), exp 437 (MH⁺) Free base 94

4-{[ethyl(methyl)amino] methyl}-N-(4- hydroxy-3- biphenylyl)benzamide cal'd 361 (MH⁺), exp 361 (MH⁺) Free base 95

4-(1,3-dihydro-2H- isoindol-2-ylmethyl)- N-(4-hydroxy-3- biphenylyl)benzamide cal'd 421 (MH⁺), exp 421 (MH⁺) Free base 96

N-(4-hydroxy-3- biphenylyl)-4-{[(2- phenoxyethyl)amino] methyl}benzamide cal'd 439 (MH⁺), exp 439 (MH⁺) Free base 97

4-{[(2- anilinoethyl)amino] methyl}-N-(4- hydroxy-3- biphenylyl)benzamide cal'd 438 (MH⁺), exp 438 (MH⁺) Free base 98

N-(4-hydroxy-3- biphenylyl)-4-{[(2- thienylmethyl)amino] methyl}benzamide cal'd 415 (MH⁺), exp 415 (MH⁺) Free base 99

N-(4-hydroxy-3- biphenylyl)-4- ({methyl[3- (methylamino)propyl] amino}methyl) benzamide cal'd 404 (MH⁺), exp 404 (MH⁺) Free base 100

N-(4-hydroxy-3- biphenylyl)-4-[(4- methyl-1- piperazinyl)methyl] benzamide cal'd 402 (MH⁺), exp 402 (MH⁺) Free base 101

N-(4-hydroxy-3- biphenylyl)-4- ({methyl[2- (methylamino)ethyl] amino}methyl) benzamide cal'd 390 (MH⁺), exp 390 (MH⁺) Free base 102

4-({[(1-ethyl-4- piperidinyl)methyl] amino}methyl)-N-(4- hydroxy-3- biphenylyl)benzamide cal'd 444 (MH⁺), exp 444 (MH⁺) Free base 103

N-(4-hydroxy-3- biphenylyl)-4- {[methyl(4- pyridinyl)amino] methyl}benzamide cal'd 410 (MH⁺), exp 410 (MH⁺) Free base 104

N-(4-hydroxy-3- biphenylyl)-4- ({methyl[2-(4- pyridinyl)ethyl]amino} methyl)benzamide cal'd 438 (MH⁺), exp 438 (MH⁺) Free base 105

N-(4-hydroxy-3- biphenylyl)-4-({[2- (3-pyridinyl) ethyl]amino} methyl)benzamide cal'd 424 (MH⁺), exp 424 (MH⁺) Free base 106

4-{[3- (dimethylamino)-1- pyrrolidinyl]methyl}- N-(4-hydroxy-3- biphenylyl)benzamide cal'd 416 (MH⁺), exp 416 (MH⁺) Free base 107

4-{[(2- aminoethyl)amino] methyl}-N-(4-hydroxy- 3-biphenylyl) benzamide cal'd 362 (MH⁺), exp 362 (MH⁺) Free base 108

4-[(2,3-dihydro-1H- inden-2- ylamino)methyl]-N- (4-hydroxy-3- biphenylyl)benzamide cal'd 435 (MH⁺), exp 435 (MH⁺) Free base 109

N-(4-hydroxy-3- biphenylyl)-4-({[3- (4- pyridinyl)propyl] amino}methyl) benzamide cal'd 438 (MH⁺), exp 438 (MH⁺) Free base 110

N-(4-hydroxy-3- biphenylyl)-4-({[(1- methyl-3- pyrrolidinyl)methyl] amino}methylbenzamide cal'd 416 (MH⁺), exp 416 (MH⁺) Free base 111

N-(4-hydroxy-3- biphenylyl)-4-({[2- (1H-pyrazol-1- yl)ethyl]amino}methyl) benzamide cal'd 413 (MH⁺), exp 413 (MH⁺) Free base 112

N-(4-hydroxy-3- biphenylyl)-4- {[methyl(tetrahydro-3- furanyl)amino]methyl} benzamide cal'd 403 (MH⁺), exp 403 (MH⁺) Free base 113

N-(4-hydroxy-3- biphenylyl)-4- {[methyl(2- pyrazinylmethyl)amino] methyl}benzamide cal'd 425 (MH⁺), exp 425 (MH⁺) Free base 114

N-(4-hydroxy-3- biphenylyl)-4- ({methyl[(1-methyl- 1H-pyrazol-4- yl)methyl]amino} methyl)benzamide cal'd 427 (MH⁺), exp 427 (MH⁺) Free base 115

N-(4-hydroxy-3- biphenylyl)-4- ({methyl[(1-methyl-4- piperidinyl)methyl]amino} methyl)benzamide cal'd 444 (MH⁺), exp 444 (MH⁺) Free base 116

N-(4-hydroxy-3- biphenylyl)-4-{[2-(2- pyridinyl)-1- pyrrolidinyl]methyl} benzamide cal'd 450 (MH⁺), exp 450 (MH⁺) Free base 117

N-(4-hydroxy-3- biphenylyl)-4-{[(3- methoxybenzyl)amino] methyl}benzamide Free base

H. Compounds Synthesized According to Scheme 8

1,1-dimethylethyl (3-{[(4-{[(4S)-2-oxo-4-phenyl-1,3-oxazolidin-3-yl]methyl}phenyl)carbonyl]-amino}biphenyl-4-yl)carbamate

(4S)-4-phenyl-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one (0.158 g, 0.968 mmol) was added to a stirred, 0° C. cooled mixture of sodium hydride (0.041 g, 1.014 mmol) in THF (2 ml) and the mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 15 min. 1,1-dimethylethyl 4-(bromomethyl)benzoate (0.25 g, 0.922 mmol) was then added and the reaction mixture was allowed to stirred at 0° C. for 30 min. Saturated ammonium chloride was added and the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (10 mL×2×). The combined organic fractions were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure to obtain 1,1-dimethylethyl 4-{[(4S)-2-oxo-4-phenyl-1,3-oxazolidin-3-yl]methyl}benzoate. The ester was taken to the next step without further purification.

TFA (1 ml, 12.98 mmol) was added to 1,1-dimethylethyl 4-{[(4S)-2-oxo-4-phenyl-1,3-oxazolidin-3-yl]methyl}benzoate (0.35 g, 0.990 mmol) in DCM (2 ml) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 h. The reaction mixture was then concentrated and carried forward without further purification.

4-{[(4S)-2-oxo-4-phenyl-1,3-oxazolidin-3-yl]methyl}benzoic acid was prepared according to the procedure described in section A for the preparation of 1,1-dimethylethyl[2-[({4-[({[(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)oxy]carbonyl}amino)methyl]phenyl}carbonyl)amino]-4-(2-thienyl)phenyl]carbamate. MS: Cal'd 586 (MNa⁺), exp (MNa⁺) 586.

Additional analogs were prepared in procedures similar to those described for the preparation of the above.

TABLE 8 Example # Structure Name MS Salt forms 118

N-(4-aminobiphenyl- 3-yl)-4-{[(4S)-2-oxo- 4-phenyl-1,3- oxazolidin-3- yl]methyl}benzamide Cal'd 464 (MH⁺), exp (MH⁺) 464. Free base 119

N-(4-aminobiphenyl- 3-yl)-4-{[(4R )-2- oxo-4- (phenylmethyl)-1,3- oxazolidin-3- yl]methyl}benzamide Cal'd 478 (MH⁺), exp 478 (MH⁺) Free base 120

N-[2-amino-5-(2- thienyl)phenyl]-4- {[(4R )-2-oxo-4- (phenylmethyl)-1,3- oxazolidin-3- yl]methyl}benzamide Cal'd 484 (MH⁺), exp 484 (MH⁺) Free base 121

N-(4-aminobiphenyl- 3-yl)-4-{[(4S)-2-oxo- 4-(phenylmethyl)- 1,3-oxazolidin-3- yl]methyl}benzamide Cal'd 478 (MH⁺), exp 478 (MH⁺) Free base 122

N-(4-aminobiphenyl- 3-yl)-4-{[(4R)-2- oxo-4-phenyl-1,3- oxazolidin-3-yl]methyl} benzamide Cal'd 464 (MH⁺), exp (MH⁺) 464. Free base

I. Compounds Synthesized According to Scheme 9

{1-[(Trimethylsilyl)methyl]-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl}methanol

A solution of ethyl 1-[(trimethylsilyl)methyl]-1H-1,2,3-triazole-4-carboxylate (1.00 g, 4.40 mmol) and THF (14.6 mL) was cooled to 0° C. and a solution of LAH (4.40 mL, 1M in THF) was added dropwise. The mixture was stirred for 1 h, and the cold bath was removed and stirred for an additional hour. The reaction was cooled to 0° C. and a solution of saturated sodium sulfate (4.4 mL) was added. The mixture was warmed to room temperature, stirred 30 min, and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated and the residue azeotroped with ethanol to afford a colorless oil purified via MPLC, 40M column, 1-8% MeOH in DCM afforded the title material as a clear, colorless oil. MS: cal'd 186 (MH⁺), exp 186 (MH⁺).

Methyl 4-({[(2,4-dinitrophenyl)sulfonyl]amino}methyl)benzoate

A solution of methyl 4-(aminomethyl)benzoate (1.00 g, 4.96 mmol), 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride (1.39 g, 5.21 mmol), DCM (16.5 mL) and pyridine (481 uL, 5.95 mmol) was treated with Hunig's base (2.17 mL, 12.4 mmol) and stirred for 2 h. The reaction was concentrated, taken into EtOAc and washed with 2M aq. HCl 2×, water, brine, dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated to afford a brown oil used crude in the next reaction. MS: cal'd 396 (MH⁺), exp 396 (MH⁺).

Methyl 4-{[[(2,4-dinitrophenyl)sulfonyl]({1-[(trimethylsilyl)methyl]-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl}methyl)amino]methyl}benzoate

A solution of {1-[(trimethylsilyl)methyl]-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl}methanol (241 mg, 1.30 mmol), methyl 4-({[(2,4-dinitrophenyl)sulfonyl]amino}methyl)benzoate (514 mg, 1.30 mmol), triphenylphosphine (409 mg, 1.56 mmol) and benzene (4.34 mL) was treated with diethylazodicarboxylate (247 uL, 1.56 mmol). After one hour additional portions of triphenylphosphine (204 mg, 0.780 mmol) and diethylazodicarboxylate (124 uL, 0.780 mmol) The reaction was diluted with EtOAc and washed with 2M aq. HCl 2×, water, brine, dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated to afford a brown oil used crude in the next reaction. MS: cal'd 563 (MH⁺), exp 563 (MH⁺).

Methyl 4-{[({1-[(trimethylsilyl)methyl]-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl}methyl)amino]methyl}benzoate

Crude methyl 4-{[[(2,4-dinitrophenyl)sulfonyl]({1-[(trimethylsilyl)methyl]-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl}methyl)amino]methyl}benzoate (732 mg, 1.30 mmol) was dissolved in propylamine (2.25 mL) and stirred overnight. The reaction was concentrated and purified via MPLC, 1-8% MeOH in DCM to afford the requisite product as a clear, colorless oil. MS: cal'd 333 (MH⁺), exp 333 (MH⁺).

Methyl 4-{[acetyl({1-[(trimethylsilyl)methyl]-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl}methyl)amino]methyl}benzoate

A solution of methyl 4-{[({1-[(trimethylsilyl)methyl]-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl}methyl)amino]methyl}benzoate (133 mg, 400 mmol), DCM (1.33 mL) and Et₃N (167 uL, 1.2 mmol) were treated with acetyl chloride (42.7 uL, 0.600 mmol) and stirred for 5 min. The reaction was diluted with EtOAc and washed with 2M aq. HCl, water, brine, dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated to afford the requisite compound as a clear, colorless residue. MS: cal'd 375 (MH⁺), exp 375 (MH⁺).

4-({Acetyl[(1-methyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid

A solution of methyl 4-{[acetyl({1-[(trimethylsilyl)methyl]-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl}methyl)amino]methyl}benzoate (101 mg, 0.270 mmol), THF (809 uL) and MeOH (270 uL) was treated with aqueous LiOH (270 uL, 0.809 mmol, 3M in water). The reaction immediately turned red and was stirred overnight. The reaction was quenched with 2M aq. HCl and extracted with EtOAc 2×. The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated to afford the protosilylated carboxylic acid as a yellow oil. MS: cal'd 361 (MH⁺), exp 361 (MH⁺).

Example 123 4-({Acetyl[(1-methyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl]amino}methyl)-N-[2-amino-5-(2-thienyl)phenyl]benzamide

4-({Acetyl[(1-methyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid (17.7 mg, 0.061 mmol), 1,1-dimethylethyl[2-({[4-(chloromethyl)phenyl]carbonyl}amino)-4-(2-thienyl)phenyl]carbamate (22 mg, 0.074 mmol), HOBT (11 mg, 0.074 mmol) and EDC (12 mg, 0.074 mmol) were taken into DMF (409 ul) and stirred at 60° C. overnight. The reaction was diluted with EtOAc and washed with ½ saturated NaHCO₃ 3×, brine, dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated to afford a residue taken into ca 1 mL DCM:TFA (2:1) and stirred for 2 h. This solution was concentrated and purified via HPLC (20-100% MeCN in water with 0.025% TFA) to afford fractions poured into sat. aq. NaHCO₃ and extracted with EtOAc 2×. The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated to afford the requisite material as a dark tan solid. ¹H NMR (d6-DMSO, 600 MHz, 90° C.) δ 9.46 (br s, 1H), 8.00-7.90 (m, 3H), 7.50 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.32 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.29 (dd, J=5.3, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.24 (dd, J=8.5, 2.3 Hz, 1H), 7.17 (dd, J=3.5, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.01 (dd, J=5.0, 3.5 Hz, 1H), 6.81 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 4.94 (br s, 2H), 4.66-4.54 (m, 3H), 4.50 (s, 2H), 3.98 (s, 2H), 2.24-2.00 (m, 3H). MS: cal'd 461 (MH⁺), exp 461 (MH⁺).

J. Compounds Synthesized According to Scheme 10

Methyl 4{[tert-butoxycarbonyl)(2-tert-butoxy-2-oxoethyl)amino]methyl}benzoate

N-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)glycine (1.0063 g, 4.35 mmol) was dissolved in THF (10 ml). The solution was cooled to −78° C. Lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide (6.5 ml, 6.48 mmol) was added. The reaction was allowed to stir for approximately 30 minutes. Methyl 4-(bromomethyl)benzoate (0.99 mg, 4.32 mmol) was added. The reaction was allowed to stir overnight, slowly warming to room temperature. The reaction was diluted with ethyl acetate and quenched with saturated aqueous ammonium chloride. The aqueous layer was extracted three times with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated. The resulting residue was purified by column chromatography. MS: cal'd 402 (M+23), exp 402 (M+23).

4-{[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)(2-tert-butoxy-2-oxoethyl)amino]methyl}benzoic acid

Methyl 4{[tert-butoxycarbonyl)(2-tert-butoxy-2-oxoethyl)amino]methyl}benzoate (0.95 g, 2.5 mmol) was dissolved in THF (25 ml). Potassium trimethylsilanolate (0.65 g, 5 mmol) was added. The reaction was allowed to stir overnight at room temperature. Reaction was not complete, but was quenched anyway. Hydrochloric acid (5 ml, 1N) was added to the reaction and allowed to stir. The reaction was diluted with ethyl acetate and washed with brine. The aqueous layer was extracted three times with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated. The resulting residue was dissolved in THF (25 ml). Potassium trimethylsilanolate (0.65 g, 5 mmol) was added. The reaction was allowed to stir overnight at room temperature. Hydrochloric acid (5 ml, 1N) was added to the reaction and allowed to stir. The reaction was diluted with ethyl acetate and washed with brine. The aqueous layer was extracted three times with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated. The resulting material was purified by HPLC. MS: cal'd 388 (M+23), exp 388 (M+23).

Additional analogs were prepared in procedures similar to those described for the preparation of the above.

TABLE 10 Example # Structure Name MS Salt forms 124

{[4-({[2-amino-5-(2- thienyl)phenyl]amino} carbonyl)benzyl]amino} acetic acid cal'd 382 (MH⁺), exp 382 (MH⁺) TFA salt 125

{[4-({[2-amino-5-(3- thienyl)phenyl]amino} carbonyl)benzyl]amino} acetic acid cal'd 382 (MH⁺), exp 382 (MH⁺) TFA salt

The compounds in the above examples exhibit histone deacetylase inhibitory activity and proliferation inhibitory activity as shown in Table 11.

TABLE 11 HDAC1 IP* Prol-72 hr IP* Example # (nM) (μM) 1 16 0.38 2 81 nd{circumflex over ( )} 3 17 nd{circumflex over ( )} 4 5.8 0.37 5 20 nd{circumflex over ( )} 6 16 1.0 7 70 nd{circumflex over ( )} 8 28 nd{circumflex over ( )} 9 17 0.26 10 16 0.23 11 nd{circumflex over ( )} 0.13 12 29 0.36 13 45 0.39 14 320 1.4 15 58 0.82 16 12 0.13 17 6.0 0.096 18 19 0.12 19 19 0.11 20 31 0.30 21 77 0.64 22 53 0.32 23 18 0.32 24 17 0.12 25 17 0.22 26 15 0.17 27 10 0.15 28 25 0.26 29 14 0.21 30 23 0.22 31 14 0.42 32 42 0.34 33 21 0.20 34 72 0.31 35 19 0.16 36 11 0.12 37 12 0.13 38 12 0.15 39 15 0.096 40 16 0.15 41 16 0.17 42 15 0.12 43 11 0.13 44 24 0.20 45 34 0.19 46 20 0.14 47 16 0.15 48 13 0.11 49 10 0.17 50 19 0.30 51 140 2.1 52 15 0.25 53 16 0.34 54 12 0.16 55 18 0.16 56 13 0.16 57 18 0.28 58 24 0.38 59 20 0.44 60 17 0.26 61 10 1.7 62 10 3.6 63 13 0.67 64 18 0.54 65 35 0.9 66 23 1.1 67 23 2.1 68 27 9.1 69 15 9.7 70 180 13 71 970 nd{circumflex over ( )} 72 1800 nd{circumflex over ( )} 73 110 nd{circumflex over ( )} 74 690 nd{circumflex over ( )} 75 76 nd{circumflex over ( )} 76 89 nd{circumflex over ( )} 77 150 nd{circumflex over ( )} 78 72 nd{circumflex over ( )} 79 2500 nd{circumflex over ( )} 80 120 nd{circumflex over ( )} 81 32 nd{circumflex over ( )} 82 91 nd{circumflex over ( )} 83 65 nd{circumflex over ( )} 84 9.9 nd{circumflex over ( )} 85 48 nd{circumflex over ( )} 86 95 nd{circumflex over ( )} 87 220 nd{circumflex over ( )} 88 350 nd{circumflex over ( )} 89 450 nd{circumflex over ( )} 90 250 nd{circumflex over ( )} 91 44 nd{circumflex over ( )} 92 100 nd{circumflex over ( )} 93 340 nd{circumflex over ( )} 94 31 nd{circumflex over ( )} 95 27000 nd{circumflex over ( )} 96 360 nd{circumflex over ( )} 97 260 nd{circumflex over ( )} 98 2100 nd{circumflex over ( )} 99 18 nd{circumflex over ( )} 100 2400 nd{circumflex over ( )} 101 35 nd{circumflex over ( )} 102 65 nd{circumflex over ( )} 103 13 nd{circumflex over ( )} 104 33 nd{circumflex over ( )} 105 2500 nd{circumflex over ( )} 106 50 nd{circumflex over ( )} 107 72 nd{circumflex over ( )} 108 160 nd{circumflex over ( )} 109 100 nd{circumflex over ( )} 110 180 nd{circumflex over ( )} 111 33 nd{circumflex over ( )} 112 43 nd{circumflex over ( )} 113 31 nd{circumflex over ( )} 114 24 nd{circumflex over ( )} 115 78 nd{circumflex over ( )} 116 280 nd{circumflex over ( )} 117 4300 nd{circumflex over ( )} 118 64 1.4 119 89 1.7 120 84 0.92 121 96 1.4 122 58 1.1 123 9.5 0.087 124 34 >20000 125 42 >20000 *IP = inflection point {circumflex over ( )}nd = not determined

Example 2 HDAC Inhibition by Novel Compounds

HDAC1—Flag Assay

Novel compounds were tested for their ability to inhibit histone deacetylase, subtype 1 (HDAC1) using an in vitro deacetylation assay. The enzyme source for this assay was an epitope-tagged human HDAC1 complex immuno-purified from stably expressing mammalian cells. The substrate consisted of a commercial product containing an acetylated lysine side chain (BIOMOL Research Laboratories, Inc., Plymouth Meeting, Pa.). Upon deacetylation of the substrate by incubation with the purified HDAC1 complex, a fluorophore is produced that is directly proportional to the level of deacetylation. Using a substrate concentration at the Km for the enzyme preparation, the deacetylation assay was performed in the presence of increasing concentrations of novel compounds to semi-quantitatively determine the concentration of compound required for 50% inhibition (IC50) of the deacetylation reaction.

Example 3 HDAC Inhibition in Cell Lines

ATP Assay

The novel compounds of the present invention were tested for their ability to inhibit proliferation of the human cervical cancer (HeLa) and colon carcinoma (HCT116) cells.

In this assay, also referred to as the Vialight Assay, cellular ATP levels are measured as a means of quantifying cellular proliferation. This assay makes use of a bioluminescent method from Cambrex (ViaLight PLUS, cat. #LT07-121). In the presence of ATP, luciferase converts luciferin to oxyluciferin and light. The amount of light produced (emission at 565 nM) is measured and correlates with a relative amount of proliferation. Human cervical cancer (HeLa) or colon carcinoma (HCT116) cells were incubated with vehicle or increasing concentrations of compound for 48, 72 or 96 hours. Cell proliferation was quantified by adding the cell lysis reagent (provided in the Vialight assay kit) directly to culture wells, followed by addition of the ATP-monitoring reagent (containing luciferase/luciferin). The amount of light produced is then measured (emission at 565 nM). The quantity of light produced, as measured by 565 nM absorbance, is directly proportional to the number of living cells in culture.

Example 4 Pharmacology Profiles

The ancillary pharmacology profiles of the SHI-1:2 carbamate analogs were also gathered to investigate off-target activities (Table 12). CYP inhibition potential was determined against a number of human isoforms, and ion channel inhibition in a displacement binding assay using radio-labeled MK-499.13 SHI-1:2 2a was found to be an inhibitor of CYP isoforms and it exhibits IKr ion channel binding activity (IC50 3.0 μM). The CYP inhibition for 2a was greatest for CYP3A4 with 70% @ 1 μM. Both CYP2D6 and CYP2C9 were also affected but to a lesser extent, 69 and 71% @ 10 μM, respectively. The 3-pyridyl amide 14a faired better than the parent with respect to both IKr binding, as well as, CYP inhibition. For 2-pyridyl analog 14a, the IKr binding and CYP3A4 inhibition was also attenuated. The benzyl and phenyl analogs, 14c and 14d, respectively, did not appreciably inhibit CYP enzymes or IKr binding. Based on these results, additional analogs were explored to maintain the clean off-target activity, but improve biochemical and anti-proliferation activities of the initial carbamate analogs.

Based on the off-target activity issues noted with the 3-pyridylmethyl carbamate, additional analogs were explored focusing on alkyl substituents. Accordingly, the ethyl and methyl carbamate analogues of 2a were prepared, affording 14e and 14f, respectively, which maintain potent enzymatic and cellular activity (Table 13). Gratifyingly, CYP inhibition and IKr ion channel binding activities were greatly attenuated. The desired trend of reduced off-target activity continued with amide analogues 14g and 14h. The HDAC1 enzymatic inhibitory activities for 14g and 14h were IC₅₀=10 nM for both analogs and the anti-proliferation activities were GI₅₀=220 and 150 nM, respectively, indicating tolerance for various moieties in the recognition domain. Larger alkyl groups are acceptable in the recognition domain. Cyclohexyl amide 14i, for example, has slightly reduced enzyme and anti-proliferative activities with minimal off-target activity.

TABLE 12 The initial series of biaryl SHI-1:2

HDAC HCT- % MK-499 % CYP 1 116 Binding Inhibition @ IC₅₀ GI₅₀ Inhibition @ 10 μM R (nM)^(a) (nM)^(a) 10 μM 3A4 2C9 2D6  2a 3-pyridyl- CH₂O 10 225 IC₅₀ = 3.0 μM 70 @ 1 μM 69 71 14a 3-pyridyl- (CH₂)₂ 11 337 IC₅₀ = 3.7 μM 65 73 25 14b 2-pyridyl- CH₂O 8 435 51 38 67 29 14c BnO 17 820 30 28 27 16 14d PhO 16 1440 15 22 21 12 ^(a)Values are means of n ≧ 2 experiments.

TABLE 13 The alkyl carbamate and amide series of biaryl SHI-1:2.

HDAC HCT- % MK-499 1 116 Binding % CYP Inhibition @ IC₅₀ GI₅₀ Inhibition @ 10 μM R (nM)^(a) (nM)^(a) 10 μM 3A4 2C9 2D6  2 3-pyridyl- CH₂O 10 225 IC₅₀ = 3.0 μM 70 @1 μM 69 71 14e EtO 13 230 40 22 35 26 14f MeO 10 230 28 23 46 49 14g nPr 10 220 38 33 27 28 14h Et 10 150 24 30 28 38 14i Cyclohexyl- 20 335 30 12 32 17 ^(a)Values are means of n ≧ 2 expenments.

While this invention has been particularly shown and described with references to embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the meaning of the invention described. Rather, the scope of the invention is defined by the claims that follow. 

1. A compound that is

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 2. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically effective amount of the compound according to claim 1, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 